12 research outputs found

    Brain metabolism and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers profile of non-amnestic mild cognitive impairment in comparison to amnestic mild cognitive impairment and normal older subjects

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    Abstract\ud \ud Introduction\ud Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is classically considered a transitional stage between normal aging and dementia. Non-amnestic MCI (naMCI) patients, however, typically demonstrate cognitive deficits other than memory decline. Furthermore, as a group, naMCI have a lower rate of an eventual dementia diagnosis as compared to amnestic subtypes of MCI (aMCI). Unfortunately, studies investigating biomarker profiles of naMCI are scarce. The study objective was to investigate the regional brain glucose metabolism (rBGM) with [18F]FDG-PET and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers in subjects with naMCI as compared to a control group (CG) and aMCI subjects.\ud \ud \ud Methods\ud Ninety-five patients were included in three different groups: naMCI (N = 32), aMCI (N = 33) and CG (N = 30). Patients underwent brain MRI and [18F]FDG-PET. A subsample (naMCI = 26, aMCI = 28) also had an assessment of amyloid-β, tau, and phosphorylated tau levels in the CSF.\ud \ud \ud Results\ud Both MCI groups had lower rBGM in relation to the CG in the precuneus. Subjects with naMCI showed decreased right prefrontal metabolism as well as higher levels of CSF amyloid-β relative to aMCI subjects.\ud \ud \ud Conclusion\ud While amnestic MCI subjects showed a biomarker profile classically related to MCI due to Alzheimer’s disease, naMCI patients illustrated a decrease in both prefrontal hypometabolism and higher CSF amyloid-β levels relative to the aMCI group. These biomarker findings indicate that naMCI is probably a heterogeneous group with similar precuneus hypometabolism compared to aMCI, but additional frontal hypometabolism and less amyloid-β deposition in the brain. Clinical follow-up and reappraisal of biomarkers of the naMCI group is needed to determine the outcome and probable etiological diagnosis.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) numbers 2011/18245-4 and 2009/17398-1 in BrazilCoordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES)/Brazi

    Brain metabolism and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers profile of non-amnestic mild cognitive impairment in comparison to amnestic mild cognitive impairment and normal older subjects

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    Abstract\ud \ud Introduction\ud Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is classically considered a transitional stage between normal aging and dementia. Non-amnestic MCI (naMCI) patients, however, typically demonstrate cognitive deficits other than memory decline. Furthermore, as a group, naMCI have a lower rate of an eventual dementia diagnosis as compared to amnestic subtypes of MCI (aMCI). Unfortunately, studies investigating biomarker profiles of naMCI are scarce. The study objective was to investigate the regional brain glucose metabolism (rBGM) with [18F]FDG-PET and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers in subjects with naMCI as compared to a control group (CG) and aMCI subjects.\ud \ud \ud Methods\ud Ninety-five patients were included in three different groups: naMCI (N = 32), aMCI (N = 33) and CG (N = 30). Patients underwent brain MRI and [18F]FDG-PET. A subsample (naMCI = 26, aMCI = 28) also had an assessment of amyloid-β, tau, and phosphorylated tau levels in the CSF.\ud \ud \ud Results\ud Both MCI groups had lower rBGM in relation to the CG in the precuneus. Subjects with naMCI showed decreased right prefrontal metabolism as well as higher levels of CSF amyloid-β relative to aMCI subjects.\ud \ud \ud Conclusion\ud While amnestic MCI subjects showed a biomarker profile classically related to MCI due to Alzheimer’s disease, naMCI patients illustrated a decrease in both prefrontal hypometabolism and higher CSF amyloid-β levels relative to the aMCI group. These biomarker findings indicate that naMCI is probably a heterogeneous group with similar precuneus hypometabolism compared to aMCI, but additional frontal hypometabolism and less amyloid-β deposition in the brain. Clinical follow-up and reappraisal of biomarkers of the naMCI group is needed to determine the outcome and probable etiological diagnosis.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) numbers 2011/18245-4 and 2009/17398-1 in BrazilCoordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES)/Brazi

    Evaluation of cerebral glycolytic metabolism quantification methods in anesthetized rats using 18F-FDG microPET/CT

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    Introdução: A quantificação do metabolismo cerebral da glicose em pequenos animais é importante para o estudo dos mecanismos fisiopatológicos e da ação de drogas no sistema nervoso central. Atualmente, na pesquisa pré-clínica, estão disponíveis métodos qualitativos (visuais) e quantitativos para avaliação do metabolismo cerebral da glicose. Um dos problemas dos estudos in vivo de pequenos animais é a necessidade de contenção durante a aquisição das imagens para evitar os artefatos causados pela movimentação. Por essa razão, os animais devem ser restringidos fisicamente ou mantidos sob a ação de anestésicos. Como os anestésicos causam modificações na fisiologia dos sistemas nervoso central, cardiovascular e respiratório, a medida da captação da 18F-FDG no cérebro pode ser comprometida. Objetivos: Avaliar a concordância e correlação entre as técnicas de quantificação do metabolismo da 18F-FDG no sistema nervoso central de ratos anestesiados utilizando o método de compartimentos com dois tecidos (2TCM) e os métodos simplificados: Patlak, Fractional uptake rate (FUR), Standardized uptake value (SUV) e Standardized uptake value corrigido para glicemia (SUVgl). Avaliar os efeitos dos anestésicos isoflurano e cetamina associada à xilazina no metabolismo da 18F-FDG pelo sistema nervoso central de ratos, utilizando os métodos 2TCM, Patlak, SUV e análise baseada em voxel (ABV). Métodos: CEUA n 026/14. Trinta e três ratos, machos, adultos normais com aproximadamente 6 semanas de vida, espécie Rattus norvegicus da linhagem Wistar, foram submetidos a exame de imagem de PET. Os animais foram divididos em dois grupos, conforme o anestésico empregado, isoflurano (I=15) ou cetamina associada à xilazina (KX=18), e foram submetidos a cirurgia para inserção de um cateter de poliestireno na artéria femoral. A PET foi iniciada simultaneamente com a injeção do traçador 18F-FDG e as imagens foram adquiridas no modo dinâmico por 60 minutos, formatadas em 20 imagens (8x30, 2x60, 2x120, 2x150, 3x300, 3x600 segundos). Durante o período de aquisição das imagens foram retiradas amostras de sangue arterial da artéria femoral. As imagens foram reconstruídas com o método OSEM-2D (20 iterações; 4 subconjuntos) e analisadas através dos métodos: 2TCM, Patlak, FUR, SUVgl, SUV e ABV, conforme o objetivo em estudo. Para a análise com FUR, SUV, SUVgl e AVB, utilizamos os últimos 30 minutos do estudo. Resultados e Discussão: O Ki 2TCM apresentou forte correlação (r=0,9935) e concordância (CC=0,991) com o valor de Ki estimado pela análise de Patlak. Os resultados obtidos pelo método FUR apresentaram excelente correlação com o Ki obtido tanto pelo 2TCM (r=0,9385) quanto pelo Patlak (r=0,9472), quando comparado com SUV ou SUVgl. Na análise dos efeitos dos anestésicos através dos métodos 2TCM e Patlak, verificamos que no grupo KX houve redução do K1 (0,173 vs 0,283; p < 0,001) e do volume de distribuição (0,505 vs 0,760; p < 0,001). Não houve diferença significativa do Ki entre os anestésicos estudados. Os resultados obtidos utilizando a ABV indicam que existe um padrão heterogêneo de captação para cada anestésico estudado que concorda com a quantificação relativa do Ki e SUVR (córtex/cérebro). O SUV indicou redução significativa na captação da 18F-FDG para o cérebro total sob vigência da KX (1,305 vs 1,879; p < 0,001), entretanto, devido a alterações fisiológicas causadas pelos anestésicos, essas diferenças não devem ser valorizadas. Conclusão: Nossos achados sugerem que existe uma concordância entre os métodos 2TCM e Patlak, permitindo a utilização do método simplificado de Patlak em estudos pré-clínicos de quantificação do metabolismo cerebral da 18F-FDG em ratos. Entre os métodos simplificados estudados, o melhor correlacionado com o padrão ouro (2TCM) foi o FUR. A correção de SUV pela glicemia basal utilizando métodos de cabeceira de leito, comuns nos estudos pré-clínicos, deve ser vista com cautela, uma vez que introduz mais uma fonte de erro à quantificação. Em relação aos efeitos dos anestésicos utilizados, verificamos que ambos produzem uma heterogeneidade no metabolismo cerebral da glicoseIntroduction: Quantification of cerebral glucose metabolism in small animals is important for the study of pathophysiological mechanisms and drug action in the central nervous system. Currently, in preclinical research, qualitative (visual) and quantitative methods are available for assessing cerebral glucose metabolism. One of the problems with in vivo small animal studies is the need for containment during image acquisition to avoid artifacts caused by movements. For this reason, animals should be physically restricted or kept under anesthetic action. Because anesthetics cause changes in the physiology of the central nervous, cardiovascular, and respiratory systems, the measurement of 18F-FDG uptake in the brain may be compromised. Objectives: To evaluate the agreement and correlation between 18F-FDG metabolism quantification techniques in the central nervous system of anesthetized rats using the two-tissue compartment methods (2TCM) and the simplified methods: Patlak, Fractional uptake rate (FUR), Standardized uptake value (SUV) and Standardized uptake value corrected for blood glucose (SUVgl). To evaluate the effects of isoflurane and xylazine-associated ketamine anesthetics on 18F-FDG metabolism in rat central nervous system using 2TCM, Patlak, SUV and voxel-based analysis (ABV) methods. Methods: CEUA No. 026/14. Thirty-three normal male rats, approximately 6 weeks old, Wistar Rattus norvegicus, were submitted to PET imaging. The animals were divided into two groups according to the anesthetic used, isoflurane (I=15) or xylazineassociated ketamine (KX=18). The animals underwent surgery in order to have inserted a polystyrene catheter into the femoral artery. PET was started simultaneously with the injection of the 18F-FDG tracer and the images were acquired in dynamic mode for 60 minutes, formatted into 20 images (8x30, 2x60, 2x120, 2x150, 3x300, 3x600 seconds). During the image acquisition, arterial blood samples were taken from the femoral artery. Image reconstruction was performed with OSEM-2D (20 iterations; 4 subsets) and the results analyzed using 2TCM, Patlak, FUR, SUVgl, SUV and ABV methods, according to the study objective. For the analysis with FUR, SUV, SUVgl, and AVB, we used the last 30 minutes of the study. Results and Discussion: Ki 2TCM showed a strong correlation (r=0.9935) and agreement (CC=0.991) with the Ki value estimated by Patlak analysis. The results obtained by the FUR method presented excellent correlation with the Ki obtained by both 2TCM (r=0.9385) and Patlak (r=0.9472) in relation to SUV or SUVgl. In the analysis of the effects of anesthetics by the methods 2TCM and Patlak, we found that in the KX group there was a reduction in K1 (0.173 vs 0.283; p < 0.001) and volume of distribution (0.505 vs 0.760; p < 0.001). There was no significant difference in brain glucose metabolism concerning the anesthetics studied. The results obtained using ABV demonstrate that there is a heterogeneous uptake pattern for each studied anesthetic that agrees with the relative quantification of Ki and SUVR (cortex/brain). SUV demonstrated a significant reduction in 18F-FDG uptake by the whole brain under KX (1.305 vs 1.879; p < 0.001), however, due to physiological changes caused by anesthetics, these differences should not be considered. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that there is an agreement between 2TCM and Patlak methods, allowing the use of Patlak\'s simplified method in preclinical studies of 18F-FDG brain metabolism quantification in rats. Among the simplified methods studied, the best correlated with the gold standard (2TCM) was the FUR. The correction of SUV by basal glycemia using bedside methods, common in preclinical studies, should be viewed with caution as it introduces yet another source of error in quantification. Regarding the effects of the anesthetics used, we found that both produce heterogeneity in cerebral glucose metabolis

    Effects of attenuation and scatter corrections in brain SPECT

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    A SPECT cerebral fornece informação da perfusão ou do metabolismo do tecido cerebral, e tem seu valor clínico fundamentado na possibilidade de mudanças funcionais precededrem às mudanças anatômicas. Sua aplicação tem sido útil no gerenciamento clínico dos pacientes, fornecendo informações adicionais que não podem ser obtidas por outras técnicas. O presente trabalho avaliou os efeitos da combinação das correções de espalhamento e atenuação na análise da SPECT cerebral. Estudamos imagens do simulador ceerebral 3D de Hoffman e de um grupo de 20 pacientes com depressão e insuficiência cardíaca comprovada (D-IC) e 14 pacientes sem alteração do fluxo cerebral (CN). Os dados foram adquiridos com a câmara de duas cabeças SOPHY-DST/SMV-General Eletric, após a injeção intravenosa de 1110MBq de \'ANTPOT. 99m Tc-HMPAO\'. Duas janelas energéticas foram usadas, 15% em 140keV e 30% centrada em 108keV, correspondendo à distribuição do espalhamento Compton. As imagens foram adquiridas com 128 projeções e alocadas em matrizes de 128 x 128 pixels. As projeções foram reconstruídas usando o método OSEM (2 iterações e 8 sub-conjuntos), com as projeções filtradas com o filtro Metz de ordem 8 e 4 pixels de FWHM da psf, e pelo método FBP, com pré-filtro Butterworth de ordem 10 e frequência crítica igual a 0,7 Nyquist. As imagens foram corrigidas para espalhamento pelo método de Jaszczak (fatores k iguais a 0,5 0,4 e 0,3) e para atenuação pelo método de Chang de 1º ordem (\'\'mü\' IND.ef\' = 0,12\'cm POT.-1\', \'\'mü\' IND.tec\' = 0,159\'cm POT.-1\' e utilizando dois coeficientes de atenuação \'\'mü\' IND.tec\' = 0,159\'cm POT.-1\' e \'\'mü\'IND.osso\' = 0,246\'cm POT.-1\' na mesma matriz de correção). Uma combinação dos dois métodos de correção também foi aplicada às imagens obtidas do simulador, resultando em seis diferentes conjuntos de imagens. Em todas as imagens do simulador, o contraste e a relação sinal/ruído entre 5 regiões de interesse ) (ventrículo, tálamos, núcleo caudado, região occipital e córtex) e o cerebelo, assim como a relação de atividades entre a massa cinzenta e a branca e o erro relativo associado foram calculados e comparados com os valores esperados. Os melhores resultados na análise do contraste e da relação sinal/ruído foram obtidos com k = 0,5 e \'\'mü\' IND.tec\' = 0,159\'cm POT.-1\'. Os resultados da relação de atividades obtidos com OSEM e filtro Metz são similares àqueles encontrados na literatura. O método de correção utilizando o coeficiente de atenuação efetivo produziu efeitos visuais aceitáveis, mas mostrou-se inadequado para a avaliação quantitativa. Os resultados da relação sinal/ruído foram melhores com o método de reconstrução OSEM do que a FBP. As imagens de pacientes foram reconstruídas pelo método OSEM e filtro Metz e corrigidas com k = 0,5(espalhamento) e \'\'mü\' IND.tec\' = 0,159\'cm POT.-1\'(atenuação). As imagens foram analisadas visualmente e as comparações do fluxo sangüíneo entre os pacientes D-IC e CN foram realizadas com o programa Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM). As correções dos estudos dos pacientes com depressão resultaram no realce das regiões com fluxo sangüíneo alterado. Nas comparações com SPM, usando as imagens corrigidas e não-corrigidas, as áreas de maior redução da perfusão no grupo com dedpressão em relação ao grupo normal foram localizadas especificamente nos lobos parietal e occipital (p<0,001). Além disso, a análise com SPM das imagens corrigidas também mostrou regiões bem definidas de redução da perfusão no grupo com depressão nas áreas prefrontais medial e lateral. Este estudo indicou que a combinação dos métodos de espalhamento e atenuação aumentam o contraste e a detectabilidade de regiões com fluxo sangüíneo anormal e melhora a quantificação relativa da SPECT cerebral.Effects of attenuation and scatter corrections in brain SPEC

    Methods for quantification of cerebral glycolytic metabolism using 2-deoxy-2-[18 F]fluoroglucose in small animals

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    Abstract Introduction The use of the same imaging and quantification techniques in small animals and clinical studies presents the opportunity for direct translational research in drug discovery and development, in neuropharmacological basis of neurological and psychiatric diseases, and in optimization of drug therapy. Thus, positron emission tomography (PET) studies in rodents can bridge the gap between pre-clinical and clinical research. The aim should be to find a method with capability to measure, without compromising accuracy, glucose distribution in the structures of the brain, which can also be used in pathological situations and with applicability for other substances than glucose analogue. Methods This is a systematic review of several assessment techniques available, including visual and quantitative methods that enable the investigation of the transport mechanisms and enzymes involved in glucose metabolism in the brain. In addition to the ex vivo methods, PET with glucose analogues allows in vivo analyses using qualitative, semiquantitative and quantitative methods. Results These techniques provide different results, and the applicability of a specific method is related to the purpose of the study and the multiple factors that may interfere in the process. Conclusion This review provides a solid background of tools and quantification methods for medical physicists and other professionals interested in cerebral glycolytic metabolism quantification in experimental animals. It also addresses the main factors related to animals, equipment and techniques that are used, as well as how these factors should be understood to better interpret the results obtained from experiments

    Comparison of different quantification methods for 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography studies in rat brains

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    OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate several methods to estimate glucose consumption in the male Wister rat brain as measured by PET. METHODS: Fourteen male Wistar normoglycemic rats were studied. The input function consisted of seventeen blood samples drawn manually from the femoral artery. Glucose uptake values were calculated using the input function resulting from the arterial blood samples and the tissue time-activity curve derived from the PET images. The estimated glucose consumption rate (Ki) based on the 2-tissue compartment model (2TCM) served as the standard for comparisons with the values calculated by the Patlak analysis and with the fractional uptake rate (FUR), standardized uptake value (SUV) and glucose corrected SUV (SUVglu). RESULTS: No significant difference between the standard Ki and the Patlak Ki was observed. The standard Ki was also found to have strong correlations and concordance with the Ki value estimated by the Patlak analysis. The FUR method presented an excellent correlation with the Ki value obtained by the 2TCM/Patlak analyses, in contrast to the SUV or SUVglu. CONCLUSIONS: From a methodological point of view, the present findings confirm the theoretical limitations of the cerebral SUV and SUVglu as a substitute for Ki in the estimation of glucose consumption in the brain. Our data suggest that the FUR is the surrogate to Ki
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