Migração em cidades médias do interior nordestino: a atração migratória como elemento distintivo

In Brazil, the debate on intermediary cities gained prominence when the urban population supplanted the rural during the 1970s, and when, in the metropolises, there began a deconcentration of the population which, as from the 1980s, was redistributed across the metropolitan surroundings and the interior of the states. Thus, the aim of the present study is to discover how many intermediary cities there are, where they are located in the interior of the Northeastern region and their relevance in attracting migrants. Microdata was used from the 2010 demographic census, specifically the fixed data topic that questions migrants on their place of residence five years before the reference date of the survey. The results have demonstrated that, although most cities presented a population decline, with a move towards very distant locations (interregional), a large number play a relevant role in intraregional attraction (medium distance) and, notably, intrastate (short distance), which exercise the role of deconcentrating the population of the metropolises. The main immigrant destinations were Caruaru (PE), Petrolina (PE) and Mossoró (RN). On the other hand, the cities presenting the highest negative migration balance were Imperatriz (MA), Itabuna (BA) and Ilhéus (BA). Furthermore, through a literature review and data collected by the study, it was discovered that the definition of an intermediary city based on the criterion of population size is no longer recommended for a country of continental dimensions and distinct stages of development such as Brazil.En Brasil, el debate sobre las ciudades medianas se destaca cuando la población urbana suplanta a la población rural en la década de 1970 y las metrópolis comienzan a desconcentrar a la población y redistribuirla a los estados metropolitanos e interiores a partir de la década de 1980. Por lo tanto, este trabajo apunta a saber cuántos hay, dónde están ubicados en el interior del noreste y la relevancia de las ciudades medianas para atraer migrantes. Se utilizaron microdatos del censo demográfico de 2010, precisamente la fecha fija del elemento que pregunta a los migrantes sobre su lugar de residencia cinco años antes de la fecha de referencia de la encuesta. Los resultados muestran que, aunque la mayoría de las ciudades muestran pérdida de población en direcciones distantes (interregional), una gran parte es relevante en la atracción intrarregional (media distancia) y, especialmente, en la atracción intraestatal (corta distancia), que juegan el papel de desconcentrar a la población de las metrópolis. Las principales rutas de los inmigrantes fueron Caruaru (PE), Petrolina (PE) y Mossoró (RN). Por otro lado, las ciudades con los saldos migratorios negativos más altos fueron Imperatriz (MA), Itabuna (BA) e Ilhéus (BA). Además, a través de una revisión de la literatura y los datos recopilados por el estudio, parece que la definición de una ciudad promedio basada en el criterio del tamaño de la población no es la más adecuada para un país con dimensiones continentales y en diferentes etapas de desarrollo como Brasil.No Brasil, o debate sobre cidades médias ganha destaque quando a população urbana suplanta a rural nos anos 1970 e as metrópoles começam a desconcentrar a população e redistribuí-la pelo entorno metropolitano e interior dos estados a partir da década de 1980. Assim, este trabalho objetiva saber quantas são as cidades médias, onde estão localizadas no interior do Nordeste e qual sua relevância na atração de migrantes. Foram utilizados os microdados do Censo Demográfico 2010, precisamente o quesito data fixa, que pergunta ao migrante sobre o lugar de residência cinco anos antes da data de referência da pesquisa. Os resultados mostram que, apesar de a maioria das cidades apresentarem perda populacional para destinos de mais longas distâncias (inter-regional), grande parte é relevante na atração intrarregional (média distância) e, notadamente, intraestadual (curta distância), que exercem o papel de desconcentrar a população das metrópoles. Os principais rumos dos imigrantes foram Caruaru (PE), Petrolina (PE) e Mossoró (RN). Por outro lado, as cidades com maiores saldos migratórios negativos foram Imperatriz (MA), Itabuna (BA) e Ilhéus (BA). Ademais, por meio da revisão da literatura e dos dados levantados pelo estudo, constata-se que a definição de cidade média baseada no critério de tamanho populacional não é o mais indicado para um país com dimensões continentais e em distintos estágios de desenvolvimento como o Brasil

Reduced occurrence of programmed cell death and gliosis in the retinas of juvenile rabbits after short-term treatment with intravitreous bevacizumab

OBJECTIVE: Bevacizumab has been widely used as a vascular endothelial growth factor antagonist in the treatment of retinal vasoproliferative disorders in adults and, more recently, in infants with retinopathy of prematurity. Recently, it has been proposed that vascular endothelial growth factor acts as a protective factor for neurons and glial cells, particularly in developing nervous tissue. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of bevacizumab on the developing retinas of juvenile rabbits. METHODS: Juvenile rabbits received bevacizumab intravitreously in one eye; the other eye acted as an untreated control. Slit-lamp and fundoscopic examinations were performed both prior to and seven days after treatment. At the same time, retina samples were analyzed using immunohistochemistry to detect autophagy and apoptosis as well as proliferation and glial reactivity. Morphometric analyses were performed, and the data were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test. RESULTS: No clinical abnormalities were observed in either treated or untreated eyes. However, immunohistochemical analyses revealed a reduction in the occurrence of programmed cell death and increases in both proliferation and reactivity in the bevacizumab-treated group compared with the untreated group. CONCLUSIONS: Bevacizumab appears to alter programmed cell death patterns and promote gliosis in the developing retinas of rabbits; therefore, it should be used with caution in developing eye

Chromatin and DNA methylation dynamics during retinoic acid-induced RET gene transcriptional activation in neuroblastoma cells.

Although it is well known that RET gene is strongly activated by retinoic acid (RA) in neuroblastoma cells, the mechanisms underlying such activation are still poorly understood. Here we show that a complex series of molecular events, that include modifications of both chromatin and DNA methylation state, accompany RA-mediated RET activation. Our results indicate that the primary epigenetic determinants of RA-induced RET activation differ between enhancer and promoter regions. At promoter region, the main mark of RET activation was the increase of H3K4me3 levels while no significant changes of the methylation state of H3K27 and H3K9 were observed. At RET enhancer region a bipartite chromatin domain was detected in unstimulated cells and a prompt demethylation of H3K27me3 marked RET gene activation upon RA exposure. Moreover, ChIP experiments demonstrated that EZH2 and MeCP2 repressor complexes were associated to the heavily methylated enhancer region in the absence of RA while both complexes were displaced during RA stimulation. Finally, our data show that a demethylation of a specific CpG site at the enhancer region could favor the displacement of MeCP2 from the heavily methylated RET enhancer region providing a novel potential mechanism for transcriptional regulation of methylated RA-regulated loci

Movilidades y cambio urbano : Bogotá, Santiago y São Paulo

482 páginasEsta obra es fruto de una investigación colectiva: el proyecto metal (“Metrópolis de América Latina en la mundialización: reconfiguraciones territoriales, movilidad espacial, acción pública”), coordinado por Françoise Dureau y apoyado financieramente por la ANR y la AIRD de 2007 a 2011 en el marco del programa “Les Suds aujourd’hui”. Cinco equipos se asociaron a través de convenios para la realización del proyecto: la UMR 7301 Migrinter; la UMR 201 IRD-Universidad de París I, Développement et sociétés; la UMR 6590 eso, Espaces et sociétés; la UMR LPED, IRD-Universidad de Aix-Marseille; el CIDS de la Universidad Externado de Colombia

Clinical Features, Cardiovascular Risk Profile, and Therapeutic Trajectories of Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Candidate for Oral Semaglutide Therapy in the Italian Specialist Care

Introduction: This study aimed to address therapeutic inertia in the management of type 2 diabetes (T2D) by investigating the potential of early treatment with oral semaglutide. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted between October 2021 and April 2022 among specialists treating individuals with T2D. A scientific committee designed a data collection form covering demographics, cardiovascular risk, glucose control metrics, ongoing therapies, and physician judgments on treatment appropriateness. Participants completed anonymous patient questionnaires reflecting routine clinical encounters. The preferred therapeutic regimen for each patient was also identified. Results: The analysis was conducted on 4449 patients initiating oral semaglutide. The population had a relatively short disease duration (42%  60% of patients, and more often than sitagliptin or empagliflozin. Conclusion: The study supports the potential of early implementation of oral semaglutide as a strategy to overcome therapeutic inertia and enhance T2D management