37,999 research outputs found
The impact of kinetic effects on the properties of relativistic electron-positron shocks
We assess the impact of non-thermally shock-accelerated particles on the
magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) jump conditions of relativistic shocks. The adiabatic
constant is calculated directly from first principle particle-in-cell
simulation data, enabling a semi-kinetic approach to improve the standard fluid
model and allowing for an identification of the key parameters that define the
shock structure. We find that the evolving upstream parameters have a stronger
impact than the corrections due to non-thermal particles. We find that the
decrease of the upstream bulk speed yields deviations from the standard MHD
model up to 10%. Furthermore, we obtain a quantitative definition of the shock
transition region from our analysis. For Weibel-mediated shocks the inclusion
of a magnetic field in the MHD conservation equations is addressed for the
first time
Quantum Electrodynamics vacuum polarization solver
The self-consistent modeling of vacuum polarization due to virtual
electron-positron fluctuations is of relevance for many near term experiments
associated with high intensity radiation sources and represents a milestone in
describing scenarios of extreme energy density. We present a generalized
finite-difference time-domain solver that can incorporate the modifications to
Maxwell's equations due to vacuum polarization. Our multidimensional solver
reproduced in one dimensional configurations the results for which an analytic
treatment is possible, yielding vacuum harmonic generation and birefringence.
The solver has also been tested for two-dimensional scenarios where finite
laser beam spot sizes must be taken into account. We employ this solver to
explore different types of counter-propagating configurations that can be
relevant for future planned experiments aiming to detect quantum vacuum
dynamics at ultra-high electromagnetic field intensities
Even harmonic generation in isotropic media of dissociating homonuclear molecules
Isotropic gases irradiated by long pulses of intense IR light can generate
very high harmonics of the incident field. It is generally accepted that, due
to the symmetry of the generating medium, be it an atomic or an isotropic
molecular gas, only odd harmonics of the driving field can be produced. Here we
show how the interplay of electronic and nuclear dynamics can lead to a marked
breakdown of this standard picture: a substantial part of the harmonic spectrum
can consist of even rather than odd harmonics. We demonstrate the effect using
ab-initio solutions of the time-dependent Schr\"odinger equation for
and its isotopes in full dimensionality. By means of a simple
analytical model, we identify its physical origin, which is the appearance of a
permanent dipole moment in dissociating homonuclear molecules, caused by
light-induced localization of the electric charge during dissociation. The
effect arises for sufficiently long laser pulses and the region of the spectrum
where even harmonics are produced is controlled by pulse duration. Our results
(i) show how the interplay of femtosecond nuclear and attosecond electronic
dynamics, which affects the charge flow inside the dissociating molecule, is
reflected in the nonlinear response, and (ii) force one to augment standard
selection rules found in nonlinear optics textbooks by considering
light-induced modifications of the medium during the generation process.Comment: 7 pages, 6 figure
Controlled Shock Shells and Intracluster Fusion Reactions in the Explosion of Large Clusters
The ion phase-space dynamics in the Coulomb explosion of very large ( atoms) deuterium clusters can be tailored using two consecutive
laser pulses with different intensities and an appropriate time delay. For
suitable sets of laser parameters (intensities and delay), large-scale shock
shells form during the explosion, thus highly increasing the probability of
fusion reactions within the single exploding clusters. In order to analyze the
ion dynamics and evaluate the intracluster reaction rate, a one-dimensional
theory is used, which approximately accounts for the electron expulsion from
the clusters. It is found that, for very large clusters (initial radius
100 nm), and optimal laser parameters, the intracluster fusion yield becomes
comparable to the intercluster fusion yield. The validity of the results is
confirmed with three-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations.Comment: 25 pages, 11 figures, to appear in Physical Review
Decay of distance autocorrelation and Lyapunov exponents
This work presents numerical evidences that for discrete dynamical systems
with one positive Lyapunov exponent the decay of the distance autocorrelation
is always related to the Lyapunov exponent. Distinct decay laws for the
distance autocorrelation are observed for different systems, namely exponential
decays for the quadratic map, logarithmic for the H\'enon map and power-law for
the conservative standard map. In all these cases the decay exponent is close
to the positive Lyapunov exponent. For hyperbolic conservative systems, the
power-law decay of the distance autocorrelation tends to be guided by the
smallest Lyapunov exponent.Comment: 7 pages, 8 figure
All-optical trapping and acceleration of heavy particles
A scheme for fast, compact, and controllable acceleration of heavy particles
in vacuum is proposed, in which two counterpropagating lasers with variable
frequencies drive a beat-wave structure with variable phase velocity, thus
allowing for trapping and acceleration of heavy particles, such as ions or
muons. Fine control over the energy distribution and the total charge of the
beam is obtained via tuning of the frequency variation. The acceleration scheme
is described with a one-dimensional theory, providing the general conditions
for trapping and scaling laws for the relevant features of the particle beam.
Two-dimensional, electromagnetic particle-in-cell simulations confirm the
validity and the robustness of the physical mechanism.Comment: 10 pages, 3 figures, to appear in New Journal of Physic
Exploring the nature of collisionless shocks under laboratory conditions
Collisionless shocks are pervasive in astrophysics and they are critical to
understand cosmic ray acceleration. Laboratory experiments with intense lasers
are now opening the way to explore and characterise the underlying
microphysics, which determine the acceleration process of collisionless shocks.
We determine the shock character - electrostatic or electromagnetic - based on
the stability of electrostatic shocks to transverse electromagnetic
fluctuations as a function of the electron temperature and flow velocity of the
plasma components, and we compare the analytical model with particle-in-cell
simulations. By making the connection with the laser parameters driving the
plasma flows, we demonstrate that shocks with different and distinct underlying
microphysics can be explored in the laboratory with state-of-the-art laser
systems
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