MOHID platform automatic calibration employing a stochastic optimization method and real data from an extreme climate event in Nova Friburgo‐RJ: Part1–digital terrain model preparation and processing of rainfall and level experimental data

Este é o primeiro de 2 artigos complementares que versam sobre a implementação de uma rotina de calibração automática acoplada a um modelo de simulação do escoamento superficial e comportamento hidráulico da rede de drenagem de uma bacia hidrográfica durante eventos de cheias, construído no sistema de modelagem de águas MOdelo HIDrodinâmico (MOHID). Como estudos de caso foram analisadas 2 bacias hidrográficas localizadas na cidade de Nova Friburgo, estado do Rio de Janeiro: bacia do rio Cônego e bacia do rio Santo Antônio. Neste primeiro artigo é apresentada a metodologia de construção do modelo dgital do terreno (MDT) e rede de drenagem das bacias de interesse na plataforma MOHID, interface MOHID GIS, bem como o processo de aquisição de dados reais de precipitação e níveis de água através do site do Instituto Estadual do Ambiente (INEA), informações imprescindíveis para a simulação de ondas de cheias na região de interesse. Os resultados foram comparados com o software ArcMap e apresentaram uma boa concordância no que tange à delimitação das bacias hidrográficas e rede de drenagem.This is the first of two complementary articles that deal with the implementation of an automatic calibration routine coupled to a simulation model of runoff and the flow of two urban watersheds, both located in the city of Nova Friburgo, State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The models were built in the MOHID Waters Modelling System. This first part presents the methodology of the construction of the Digital Terrain Model–DTM and the drainage network of the studied watersheds, made in the MOHID platform, as well as the acquisition of actual rainfall data and water levels through the site of the Instituto Estadual do Ambiente–INEA. The results were compared with ArcMap software and showed a good agreement regarding the delimitation of watersheds and the drainage network.Peer Reviewe

Binary Collisions and the Slingshot Effect

We derive the equations for the gravity assist manoeuvre in the general 2D case without the constraints of circular planetary orbits or widely different masses as assumed by Broucke, and obtain the slingshot conditions and maximum energy gain for arbitrary mass ratios of two colliding rigid bodies. Using the geometric view developed in an earlier paper by the authors the possible trajectories are computed for both attractive or repulsive interactions yielding a further insight on the slingshot mechanics and its parametrization. The general slingshot manoeuvre for arbitrary masses is explained as a particular case of the possible outcomes of attractive or repulsive binary collisions, and the correlation between asymptotic information and orbital parameters is obtained in general.Comment: 12 pages, 7 figures, accepted for publication Dec'07, Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronom

Effects of low intensity ultrasound on the germination of corn seeds (Zea mays L.) under different water availabilities

The effects of low intensity ultrasound on the performance of corn seeds (Zea mays L.), were investigated at two intensity levels, 230 and 175 mW/m². This study analysed the ultrasound effects on the germination under different water availabilities. The emergence and development of embryonic structures do react proportionally to the water availability and the treatment with ultrasound has no pronounced influency on the phenomena related to seed germination. However, a tendency of positive interference of this treatment in the seedling development in hidrie deficiency situations is detectable.Foram estudados os efeitos do ultra-som de baixa intensidade (230 e 1750 W/m²) sobre o desempenho de sementes de milho (Zea mays L.) utilizando situações variáveis quanto à disponibilidade hídrica. A emergência e o desenvolvimento de estruturas embrionárias reagem proporcionalmente à disponibilidade de água, não havendo influência marcante do tratamento com ultra-som nos fenômenos envolvidos na germinação das sementes. Contudo, são detectáveis tendências indicadoras de interferência positiva desse tratamento no desenvolvimento das plántulas em situações de deficiência hídrica

Curvas de secagem de sementes de milho utilizando o método intermitente

The objective of this work was the determination of the drying curve of corn seeds for different air temperatures during the intermittent drying process. Three lots of double hybrid AG-162 corn seeds and a D'Andrea dryer, model D-200, were utilized. Air temperatures of 70, 80 and 90°C, were used during the drying process. The following determinations were made: seed moisture content, air temperature at drying, seed temperature in drying roon and drier outled, air relative humidity and environment temperature. Considering the temperature of the drying processes at 70, 80 and 90°C and the reduction of moisture content from 16,5% to 13,0%, the following conclusions were obtained: a) corn seed drying curves in the intermittent drying process can be represented by linear functions; b) the increase of the drying speed and the reduction of total time of seed exposition to hot air can be achieved by temperature elevation of drying air.O presente trabalho teve por objetivo determinar as curvas de secagem de sementes de milho, para diferentes temperaturas do ar, durante a secagem intermitente. Foram utilizados três lotes de sementes de milho do hibrido duplo AG-162 e um secador marca D'Andréa, modelo D-200. As temperaturas do ar de secagem empregadas foram de 70, 80 e 90°C. As seguintes determinações foram realizadas: teor de água das sementes, temperatura do ar de secagem, temperaturas da massa de sementes na câmara de secagem e na saída do secador, umidade relativa do ar e temperatura do ar ambiente. Considerando temperaturas do ar de secagem de 70, 80 e 90°C e reduções do teor de água de 16,5% para 13,0%, os resultados permitem as seguintes conclusões: a) as curvas de secagem de sementes de milho, utilizando o método intermitente, podem ser representadas por funções lineares, b) o aumento da velocidade de secagem e a redução do tempo total de exposição das sementes ao ar aquecido podem ser obtidos pela elevação da temperatura do ar de secagem

Transmissibilidade do virus do mosaico comum da soja (VMCS) por intermédio das sementes de soja(Glycine max (L.) Merrill)

Diante da dispersão do vírus VMCS nas lavouras brasileiras de soja, o presente trabalho foi conduzido procurando verificar a transmissibilidade do patógeno pelas sementes portadoras do sintoma ("mancha café") característico da doença. Para tanto, material proveniente de campos contaminados foi testado quanto às porcentagens de emergência e infecção das plântulas. Os resultados obtidos permitiram concluir que o patógeno é transmitido por sementes, ainda que estas estejam livres de sintomas; contudo, apesar da inexistência de efeitos sobre a emergência, a elevação da freqüência de sementes com "mancha café" tende a ampliar o número de plântulas contaminadas.In view of the long-range dissemination of the virus SMV in Brazilian soybean fields, this research was conserned with the transmission of the pathogen by seeds that show seedcoat mottling. Seeds proceeding from contaminated fields were submitted to emergence tests and examination of infected seedlings. The results indicated that the pathogen is transmited through the seeds even when they do not show seedcoat mottling; although no particular effect was found on emergence percentage, the use of mottled seeds tends to increase the number of infected seelings

Differential Fruit Consumption Of Two Melastomataceae By Birds In Serra Da Mantiqueira, Southeastern Brazil

In this study we report on the consumption of two syntopic Melastomataceae species by birds in a lower montane forest in Monte Verde, southeastern Brazil. The species of frugivores were identified and characterized by their methods of capture and consumption of fruits. We also provide information on abundance, phenology of plants and fruit characteristics of the two Melastomataceae species. The 13 observed species of birds formed two statistically distinct frugivorous groups with taxonomic and behavioral differences. Five of seven bird species that fed on L. aff. sublanata fruits belong to the subfamily Thraupinae and most fruits were mashed before swallowed. Four of the eight bird species that visited M. cinerascens belong to the subfamily Turdinae and all fruits were swallowed whole. Only two bird species were common visitors of both Melastomataceae species. Our findings show that fruits of the two Melastomataceae species with similar morphological characteristics were exploited differently by frugivorours birds.121510Altmann, J., Observational study of behavior: Sampling methods (1974) Behavior, 49, pp. 227-267Bligh, E.G., Dyer, W.J., A rapid method of total lipid extraction and purification (1959) Can. J. Biochem. Physiol, 37, pp. 911-917Brasil, (1983) Projeto Radam Brasil. Folhas SF 23/24 Rio de Janeiro/VitóriaGeologia, geomorfologia, pedologia, vegetaç ão e seu potencial da terra, , Rio de Janeiro: Ministério das Minas e EnergiaBrown, E.D., Hopkins, M.J.G., Tests of disperser specificity between frugivorous birds and rainforest fruits in New Guinea (2002) Emu, 102, pp. 137-146Fleming, T.H., Fruit plant - frugivore mutualism: The evolutionary theater and the ecological play (1991) Plantanimal interactions: Evolutionary ecology in tropical and temperate regions, pp. 119-144. , P. W. Price, T. M. Lewinsohn, G. W. Fernandes and W. W. Benson eds, New York: John Wiley and Sons, IncFuentes, M., Diets of fruit-eating birds: What are the causes of interspecific differences? (1994) Oecologia, 97, pp. 134-142Galetti, M., Stotz, D., Miconia hypoleuca (Melastomataceae) como espécie-chave para aves frugívoras no sudeste do Brasil. (1996) Rev. Brasil. Biol, 56, pp. 435-439Gentry, A.H., Emmons, L.H., Geographical variation in fertility, phenology, and composition of the understory of neotropical forests (1987) Biotropica, 19, pp. 216-227Githiru, M., Lens, L., Bennur, L.A., Ogol, C.P.K.O., Effects of site and fruit size on the composition of avian frugivore assemblages in a fragmented Afrotropical forest (2002) Oikos, 96, pp. 320-330Gridi-papp, C.O., (1997) Frugivoria por aves em quatro espécies de Melastomataceae na Serra da Mantiqueira, MG, , Master's Degree thesis. Campinas: Universidade Estadual de CampinasHerrera, C.M., Long-term dynamics of Mediterranean frugivorous birds and fleshy fruits: A 12-year study (1998) Ecol. Monogr, 68, pp. 511-538Hilty, S.T., Flowering and fruiting periodicity in a premontane rain forest in pacific Colombia (1980) Biotropica, 12, pp. 292-306Horwitz, W., (1980) Official methods of analysis of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists, , Washington DC: The AssociationJung, R., Individual variation in fruit choice by American Robins (Turdus migratorius) (1992) Auk, 109, pp. 98-111Kitamura, S., Yumoto, T., Poonswad, P., Chuailua, P., Plongmai, K., Maruhashi, T., Noma, N., Interactions between fleshy fruits and frugivores in a tropical seasonal forest in Thailand (2002) Oecologia, 133, pp. 559-572Levey, D.J., Seed size and fruit-handling techniques of avian frugivores (1987) Am. Nat, 12, pp. 471-485Levey, D.J., Moermond, T.C., Denslow, J.S., Fruit choice in neotropical birds: The effect of distance between fruits on preference patterns (1984) Ecology, 65, pp. 844-840Levey, D.J., Martinez Del Rio, C.M., It takes guts (and more) to eat fruit: Lessons from avian nutritional ecology (2001) Auk, 118, pp. 819-831Loiselle, B.A., Blake, J.G., Diets of understory fruit-eating birds in Costa Rica: Seasonality and resource abundance (1990) Stud. Avian Biol, 13, pp. 91-103Loiselle, B.A., Blake, J.G., Temporal variation in birds and fruits along an elevational gradient in Costa Rica (1991) Ecology, 72, pp. 180-193Loiselle, B.A., Blake, J.G., Spatial distribution of understory fruit-eating birds and fruiting plants in a neotropical lowland wet forest (1993) Vegetatio, 107-108, pp. 177-189Manhães, M.A., Dieta de traupíneos (Passeriformes, Emberezidae) no Parque Estadual do Ibitipoca, Minas Gerais, Brasil. (2003) Iheringia Sér. Zool. Porto Alegre, 93, pp. 59-73Marcondes-Machado, L.O., Comportamento alimentar de aves em Miconia rubiginosa (Melastomataceae) em fragmento de cerrado, São Paulo. (2002) Iheringia Sér. Zool. Porto Alegre, 92, pp. 97-100Melo, C., Bento, E.C., Oliveira, P.E., Frugivory and dispersal of Faramea cyanea (Rubiaceae) in cerrado woody plant formations (2003) Braz. J. Biol, 63, pp. 75-82Moermond, T.C., Denslow, J.S., Neotropical avian frugivores: Patterns of behavior, morphology, and nutrition, with consequences for fruit selection (1985) Ornithol. Monogr, 36, pp. 865-897Polin, B., Wright, S.J., Lefebvre, G., Calderón, O., Interspecific synchrony and asychrony in the fruiting phenologies of congeneric bird-dispersed plants in Panama (1999) J. Trop. Ecol, 15, pp. 213-227Renner, S.S., Phylogeny and classification of the Melastomataceae and Memecylaceae (1993) Nord. J. Bot, 13, pp. 519-540Rodrigues, M., (1991) Ecologia alimentar de traupídeos (Aves: Thraupinae) em uma área de mata atlântica do estado de, , São Paulo. Master's Degree thesis. Campinas: Universidade Estadual de CampinasSallabanks, R., Courtney, S.P., On fruit-frugivore relationships: Variety is the spice of life (1993) Oikos, 68, pp. 567-570Schupp, E.W., Quantity, quality and the effectiveness of seed dispersal by animals (1993) Vegetatio, 107-108, pp. 15-29Snow, D.W., Tropical frugivorous birds and their food plants: A world survey (1981) Biotropica, 13, pp. 1-14Stanley, M.C., Lill, A., Importance of seed ingestion to an avian frugivore: An experimental approach to fruit choice based on seed load (2002) Auk, 119, pp. 175-184Stiles, F.G., On the role of birds in the dynamics of neotropical forests (1985) Conservation of tropical forest birds: Proceedings of a workshop and symposium held at the XVIII World Conference of the International Council for Bird Preservation, 7, 8 and 10 August 1982, Kings College, pp. 49-59. , A. W. Diamond and T. E. Lovejoy eds, Cambridge, England. Cambridge: International Council for Bird PreservationStiles, F.G., Rosselli, L., Consumption of fruits of the Melastomataceae by birds: How diffuse is coevolution? (1993) Vegetatio, 107-108, pp. 57-73Wheelwright, N.T., Haber, W.A., Murray, K.G., Guindon, C., Tropical fruit-eating birds and their food plants: A survey of a Costa Rican lower montane forest (1984) Biotropica, 16, pp. 173-192Willson, M.F., Fruit choices by captive American Robins (1996) Condor, 96, pp. 494-502Witmer, M.C., Do seeds hinder digestive processing of fruit pulp? Implications for plant/frugivore mutualims (1998) Auk, 115, pp. 319-32

Atlantic frugivory: a plant–frugivore interaction data set for the Atlantic Forest

Non peer reviewe

Efeitos do beneficiamento na qualidade de sementes de milho infectadas por Fusarium moniliforme sheld

In order to evaluate processing effects on the quality of corn seeds infected by Fusarium moniliforme Sheld seeds were submitted to screen classification yielding 4 fractions (24/64; 22/64; 20/64; 18/64 of the inch) and the other part was separated by weight in a gravity separator. The separator originated three fractions that in turn were individually submitted to the same equipment generating, each one, three other fractions. All fractions were evaluated for germination, vigor, density, weight of a thousand seeds, and sanity. The width classification is not effective in the selection of infected seeds; however, the increase of seed width is followed by higher germination and vigor values.Com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos do beneficiamento na qualidade de lotes com sementes de milho infectadas com Fusarium moniliforme Sheld, sementes foram submetidas à classificação por peneiras, originando 4 frações (24/64; 22/64; 20/64; 18/64 de polegada) e à separação por peso através da ação da mesa gravitational, originando três frações que foram individualmente submetidas ao mesmo equipamento gerando, cada uma, mais três frações. Todas as frações foram avaliadas quanto à germinação, ao vigor, à densidade, ao peso de mil sementes e à sanidade. A classificação por largura não é eficaz para separar as sementes infectadas; no entanto, o aumento da largura das sementes é acompanhado pela elevação dos valores da germinação e do vigor

Frugivores At Higher Risk Of Extinction Are The Key Elements Of A Mutualistic Network

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Most tree species rely on vertebrates for seed dispersal, and many vertebrates use fruits as food resources in tropical forests. Therefore, plant-frugivore interactions affect population dynamics and persistence in ecological communities. Plant-frugivore interactions often involve many species, forming networks of interacting plants and animals that play different roles in determining network organization. The network organization is the way interactions are structured in the community, which may have consequences for its ecological and evolutionary dynamics. Some species have greater influences on network organization and may be particularly important to species persistence. We identified the frugivores most important to the organization of networks of plants and frugivorous birds in three contiguous Atlantic forest sites in southeastern Brazil. We found that the species that contributed most to network organization were at higher risk of extinction. Among the main contributors to network organization were two cotingas and a toucan, large-bodied species that disperse seeds from many plants and are particularly vulnerable to habitat loss and hunting. As a consequence, ongoing extinctions may significantly affect the organization of plant-frugivore interactions in the studied system. We hypothesize that the crucial role of some threatened frugivores may occur in other seed dispersal systems in tropical communities, although the association between structural importance and degree of threat may be contingent on peculiarities of local communities and disturbances.951234403447CAPES; São Paulo Research Foundation; #2009/54422-8; FAPESP; São Paulo Research Foundation; #2010/11633-6; FAPESP; São Paulo Research FoundationFundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Allesina, S., Tang, S., Stability criteria for complex ecosystems (2012) Nature, 483, pp. 205-208Almeida-Neto, M., Guimarães, P., Guimarães, P.R., Jr., Loyola, R.D., Ulrich, W., A consistent metric for nestedness analysis in ecological systems: Reconciling concept and measurement (2008) Oikos, 117, pp. 1227-1239Banks-Leite, C., Ewers, R.M., Metzger, J.P., Unraveling the drivers of community dissimilarity and species extinction in fragmented landscapes (2012) Ecology, 93, pp. 2560-2569Bascompte, J., Jordano, P., Plant-animal mutualistic networks: The architecture of biodiversity (2007) Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 38, pp. 567-593Bascompte, J., Jordano, P., Melián, C.J., Olesen, J.M., The nested assembly of plant-animal mutualistic networks (2003) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 100, pp. 9383-9387Carlo, T.A., Yang, S., Network models of frugivory and seed dispersal: Challenges and opportunities (2011) Acta Oecologica, 37, pp. 619-624Da Silva, J.M.C., Tabarelli, M., Tree species impoverishment and the future flora of the atlantic forest of Northeast Brazil (2000) Nature, 404, pp. 72-74(2008) Plano de Manejo Do Parque Estadual Intervales. FF/SMA-SP, São Paulo, Brazil., , FF/SMA-SP (Fundaçã Florestal/Secretaria de Estado do Meio Ambiente-SP)Gaglioti, A.L., Urticaceae Juss. no estado de são Paulo, Brasil. (2010) Thesis., , Instituto de Botânica da Secretaria de Estado do Meio Ambiente, São Paulo, BrazilGaletti, M., Laps, R., Pizo, M.A., Frugivory by toucans (ramphastidae) at two altitudes in the atlantic forest of Brazil (2000) Biotropica, 32, pp. 842-850Galetti, M., Martuscelli, P., Olmos, F., Aleixo, A., Ecology and conservation of the jacutinga Pipile jacutinga in the Atlantic forest of Brazil (1997) Biological Conservation, 82, pp. 31-39Galetti, M., Stotz, D., Miconia hypoleuca (Melastomataceae) como espécie-chave para aves frugývoras no sudeste do Brasil (1996) Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 56, pp. 435-439González-Castro, A., Yang, S., Nogales, M., Carlo, T.A., What determines the temporal changes of species degree and strength in an oceanic island plant-disperser network? 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Universidade Estadual de Campinas,São Paulo, BrazilHasui É., Da Gomes M, V.S., Kiefer, M.C., Tamashiro, J., Silva, W.R., Spatial and seasonal variation in niche partitioning between blue manakin (Chiroxiphia caudata) and greenish schiffornis (Schiffornis virescens) in southeastern Brazil (2009) Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment, 44, pp. 149-159Hasui É., Ramos, F.N., Tamashiro, J.Y., Silva, W.R., Non-sequential fruit tracking by birds along an altitudinal gradient (2012) Acta Oecologica, 45, pp. 66-78(2012) IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012-2., , www.iucnredlist.org, IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature)Jordano, P., (2000) Fruits and Frugivory., pp. 125-165. , in M. Fenner, editor., Seeds: The ecology of regeneration in plant communities. Second edition., CAB International, Wallingford, UKKrishna, A., Guimarães, P.R., Jr., Jordano, P., Bascompte, J., A neutral-niche theory of nestedness in mutualistic networks (2008) Oikos, 117, pp. 1609-1618Levey, D.J., Seed size and fruit-handling techniques of avian frugivores (1987) American Naturalist, 129, pp. 471-485Manly, B.F.J., (1997) Randomization, Bootstrap and Monte Carlo Methods in Biology, , Chapman and Hall/CRC, London, UK, Second editionMaruyama, P.K., Alves-Silva, E., Melo, C., Oferta qualitativa e quantitativa de frutos em espécies ornitocóricas do gênero Miconia (Melastomataceae) (2007) Revista Brasileira de Biociências, 5, pp. 672-674Mello, M.A.R., Marquitti, F.M.D., Guimarães, P.R., Kalko, E.K.V., Jordano, P., Aguiar, M.A.M., The modularity of seed dispersal: Differences in structure and robustness between bat- and bird-fruit networks (2011) Oecologia, 167, pp. 131-140Memmott, J., Waser, N.M., Price, M.V., Tolerance of pollination networks to species extinctions (2004) Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 271, pp. 2605-2611Metzger, J.P., Conservation issues in the brazilian atlantic forest (2009) Biological Conservation, 142, pp. 1138-1140Olesen, J.M., Bascompte, J., Dupont, Y.L., Jordano, P., The modularity of pollination networks (2007) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 104, pp. 19891-19896Pires, M., Guimarães, P., Jr., Araújo, M., Giaretta, A., Costa, J., Dos Reis, S., The nested assembly of individual- resource networks (2011) Journal of Animal Ecology, 80, pp. 896-903Pizo, M.A., (2002) The Seed-dispersers and Fruit Syndromes of Myrtaceae in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest., pp. 129-143. , in D. J. Levey, W. R. Silva, and M. Galetti, editors. Seed dispersal and frugivory: ecology, evolution, and conservation., CAB International, Wallingford, UKPizo, M.A., Silva, W.R., Galetti, M., Laps, R., Frugivory in cotingas of the Atlantic forest of southeast Brazil (2002) Ararajuba, 10, pp. 177-185Proulx, S., Promislow, D., Phillips, P., Network thinking in ecology and evolution (2005) Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 20, pp. 345-353Saavedra, S., Stouffer, D.B., Uzzi, B., Bascompte, J., Strong contributors to network persistence are the most vulnerable to extinction (2011) Nature, 478, pp. 233-235Sazima, C., Guimarães, P.R., Dos Reis, S.F., Sazima, I., What makes a species central in a cleaning mutualism network? (2010) Oikos, 119, pp. 1319-1325Schleuning, M., Ecological, historical and evolutionary determinants of modularity in weighted seed-dispersal networks (2014) Ecology Letters, 17, pp. 454-463Snow, D.W., Tropical frugivorous birds and their food plants: A world survey (1981) Biotropica, 13, pp. 1-14Solé, R.V., Montoya, M., Complexity and fragility in ecological networks (2001) Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 268, pp. 2039-2045Stang, M., Klinkhamer, P.G.L., Meijden Der E.Van, Size constraints and flower abundance determine the number of interactions in a plant-flower visitor web (2006) Oikos, 112, pp. 111-121Stotz, D.F., Fitzpatrick, J.W., Parker, T.A., III, Moskovits, D.K., (1996) Neotropical Birds: Ecology and Conservation., , University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, USAStouffer, D.B., Sales-Pardo, M., Sirer, M.I., Bascompte, J., Evolutionary conservation of species' roles in food webs (2012) Science, 335, pp. 1489-1492Thébault, E., Fontaine, C., Stability of ecological communities and the architecture of mutualistic and trophic networks (2010) Science, 329, pp. 853-856Tylianakis, J.M., Laliberté, E., Nielsen, A., Bascompte, J., Conservation of species interaction networks (2010) Biological Conservation, 143, pp. 2270-2279Vázquez, D.P., Blüthgen, N., Cagnolo, L., Chacoff, N.P., Uniting pattern and process in plant-animal mutualistic networks: A review (2009) Annals of Botany, 103, pp. 1445-1457Vidal, M.M., Pires, M.M., Guimarães, P.R., Jr., Large vertebrates as the missing components of seeddispersal networks (2013) Biological Conservation, 163, pp. 42-48Vielliard, J.M.E., Silva, W.R., (2001) Avifauna, pp. 125-145. , in C. Leonel, editor. Intervales. Fundaç ão para a Conservaç ão e a Produç ão Florestal do Estado de São Paulo, São Paulo, BrazilWotton, D.M., Kelly, D., Do larger frugivores move seeds further? Body size, seed dispersal distance, and a case study of a large, sedentary pigeon (2012) Journal of Biogeography, 39, pp. 1973-1983Wright, S.J., (2007) Seed Dispersal in Anthropogenic Landscapes., pp. 599-614. , in A. J. Dennis, E. W. Schupp, R. J. Green, and D. A. Westcott, editors. Seed dispersal: Theory and its application in a changing world, CAB International, Wallingford, U