AVALIAÇÃO DE TRATAMENTOS CONTRA ENTEROBACTÉRIAS EM CAMA DE FRANGO DE CORTE

No Brasil, dois sistemas de produção são os mais utilizados na avicultura: o convencional e dark house. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar dois tratamentos em camas reutilizadas de frangos de corte para a redução de enterobactérias, comparando estes dois sistemas. Foram avaliadas 80 amostras de camas de aviários de ambos os modelos tratatas com cal virgem (T1) ou tratadas com fermentação seguida de cal (T2). . Para avaliação microbiológica, as amostras foram coletadas um dia antes do abate e cinco dias após os tratamentos, ressuspendidas, diluidas e plaqueadas em meio Mac Conkey. Os resultados indicaram que os grupos tratados somente com cal virgem apresentaram redução significativa (p<0,05) de enterobactérias em ambos os sistemas, mostrando sua eficiência na redução da carga microbiológica em camas reutilizadas

Experimental Infection by Brucella ovis: Changes in NTPDase, 5'-Nucleotidase and Acetylcholinesterase Associated Cerebral Oxidative Stres

Background: Changes in purinergic and cholinergic signaling have been demonstrated in various pathologies associated with inflammation; however, the changes in brucellosis caused by the Gram-negative coccobacillus Brucella ovis are not known. B. ovis is generally asymptomatic in sheep. Hepatosplenomegaly has been described in B. ovis, a non-zoonotic species, characterized by an extravascular inflammatory response. Purinergic system enzymes are closely involved with the modulation of the immune system, pro- and anti-inflammatory events. The objective of this study was to investigate the role of ectonucleotidases and cholinesterase’s in the brains of mice experimentally infected with B. ovis.Materials, Methods & Results: Forty-eight animals were divided into two groups: control (n = 24) and infected (n = 24). In group infected, 100 µL containing 1.3 x 107 UFC B. ovis /mL via intraperitoneal was used in inoculation. The brains were collected from the animals on days 7, 15, 30 and 60 post-infection (PI). We measured levels of TBARS (substances reactive to thiobarbituric acid) and ROS (reactive oxygen species) in the brain. The activity of NTPDase (using ATP and ADP as substrate) and 5'-nucleotidase (using AMP as substrate) were evaluated in brain in addition to histopathological analysis. No histopathological lesions were observed in the control group nor the infected group at days 7, 15, and 30 PI. However,multifocal areas with moderate microgliosis and inflammatory infiltrates in the cerebral cortex were observed at day 60 PI in the infected animals. B. ovis DNA was detected in brain. During the course of infection, B. ovis caused greater lipid peroxidation in the brains of infected animals than in the control group at day 60PI. No significant results were observed at 7, 15 or day 30 PI. Similarly, there was significantly more reactive oxygen species at day 60 PI in brains of infected animals than in the control group. NTPDase activity (using ATP and AMP as substrate) was lower at days 7 and 15 PI in infected animals than in control. However, during the course of infection there was an increase in NTPDase activity at day 60 PI in the infected group. The infected animals showed a decrease of 5´-nucleotidase (AMP as substrate) activity at days 7 and 30 PI. On the other hand, 5´-nucleotidase activity was greater on day 60 PI in the experimental group than in the control. The results suggest that nucleotide hydrolysis was low in the acute phase (up to day 30 PI) due to the decrease of NTPDase and 5´-nucleotidase activities. After day 60 PI, there was a reversal in enzyme activities, probably with concomitant increase of extracellular nucleotides. AChE activity in brain on days 30 and 60 PI compared to control.Discussion: Among the functions of NTPDase are inhibition of platelet aggregation, vascular homeostasis, modulation of inflammation and immune response, all via its regulation of extracellular concentrations of ATP, a pro-inflammatory molecule. E-NTPDase plays an important role in controlling lymphocyte function, including antigen recognition and activation of cytotoxic T cell effector functions, as well as the generation of signals. The enzyme E-5´-nucleotidase also exerts non-enzymatic functions, including induction of intracellular signaling and mediation of cell-cell adhesion and cell-matrix and migration. Levels of acetylcholine are regulated by cholinesterase enzymes that are present in cholinergic and noncholinergic tissues, as the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is a membrane-bound enzyme, primarily found in the brain and cholinergic neurons, where it participates in the structural regulation of postsynaptic differentiation. The results demonstrated that the chronicity of infection by B. ovis causes oxidative damage and inflammation in the brain, as well as modulation of ectonucleotidases and AChE activities

Diagnóstico etiológico de aborto infeccioso bovino por PCR

Infectious abortion is a significant cause of reproductive failure and economic losses in cattle. The goal of this study was to detect nucleic acids of several infectious agents known to cause abortion including Arcanobacterium pyogenes, Bovine Herpesvirus 1, Brucella abortus, Campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis, Chlamydophila abortus, Leptospira sp., Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella sp., Mycoplasma bovis, Mycoplasma bovigenitalium, Neospora caninum, and Tritrichomonas foetus. Tissue homogenates from 42 fetuses and paraffin-embedded tissues from 28 fetuses and 14 placentas/endometrium were included in this study. Brucella abortus was detected in 14.2% (12/84) of the samples. Salmonella sp. DNA was amplified from 2 fetuses, and there was one positive for Neospora caninum, and another for Listeria monocytogenes. This PCR-based approach resulted in identification of the etiology in 19% of samples, or 20% if considered fetal tissues only.Aborto infeccioso é uma causa significativa de falhas reprodutivas e perdas econômicas na bovinocultura. O objetivo deste estudo foi detectar ácidos nucleicos de vários agentes infecciosos reconhecidos como causadores de aborto, incluindo-se Arcanobacterium pyogenes, Herpesvirus bovino tipo 1, Brucella abortus, Campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis, Chlamydophila abortus, Leptospira sp., Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella sp., Mycoplasma bovis, Mycoplasma bovigenitalium, Neospora caninum e Tritrichomonas foetus. Homogenados de tecidos de 42 fetos e tecidos incluídos em parafina de 28 fetos e 14 placentas/endométrio foram incluídos neste estudo. Brucella abortus foi detectada em 14,2% (12/84) das amostras. DNA de Salmonella sp. foi amplificado de dois fetos e houve um feto positivo para Neospora caninum e outro para Listeria monocytogenes. Essa metodologia baseada em PCR resultou na identificação da etiologia em 19% das amostras ou 20% se considerados somente os tecidos fetais

Identificação de genes envolvidos na patogênese de Brucella ovis em modelo murino

Exportado OPUSMade available in DSpace on 2019-08-12T23:38:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_pra_colegiado_1_.pdf: 1761991 bytes, checksum: 9322e2d4ccbd36971b8080b2a1d7bfed (MD5) Previous issue date: 26Brucella ovis é uma das principais causas de problemas reprodutivos em ovinos. Considerando a escassez de estudos da cinética de infecção por B. ovis em camundongos, foi desenvolvido neste estudo um modelo murino de infecção. Camundongos machos BALB/c e C57BL/6 foram inoculados com 106UFC de B. ovis, via intraperitoneal, sendo coletados fragmentos de baço, fígado e trato genital para bacteriologia, histopatologia e imunoistoquímica. Ambas as linhagens apresentaram cinética de infecção similar para B. ovis, sendo observados microgranulomas no baço e fígado com discreta imunomarcação de B. ovis. A colonização do trato genital foi mínima, com discreta periorquite e periepididimite, não caracterizando tropismo de B. ovis pelo trato genital masculino em camundongos. Cntudo, o camundongo demonstrou ser bom modelo de infecção para B. ovis. Adicionalmente, cepas mutantes foram construídas a partir da deleção de virB2 (SST4 afuncional), de hemaglutinina ou de ORFs que codificam proteína ABC transportadora. As cepas ABC e virB2 foram atenuadas no baço e fígado de camundongos em todos os tempos. Contudo, hemaglutinina apresentou colonização similar à amostra virulenta, sugerindo que o gene putativo de hemaglutinina não é essencial para patogênese de B. ovis. Adicionalmente, ABC e virB2 sobreviveram menos do que a cepa parental (p<0,01) em macrófagos peritoneais e no meio extracelular. A virulência de ABC e da cepa parental também foram comparadas em camundongos IRF-1-/- machos. A infecção pela cepa parental resultou em 100% de letalidade em IRF-1-/- até 14 dpi, enquanto a infecção pelo mutante não foi letal. Estes resultados confirmam que SST4 e ABC transportador são essenciais para virulência e sobrevivência in vivo de B. ovis.Brucella ovis is one of the main causes of reproductive failure in sheep. Due to the scarcity of studies of B. ovis infection in the mouse, a murine model of infection was developed in this study. BALB/c or C57BL/6 male mice were inoculated intraperitoneally with 106CFU of B. ovis and fragments of the spleen, liver and genital tract were collected for bacteriology, histopathology and immunohistochemistry. Both mice strains had similar kinetics of B. ovis infection and developed microgranulomas in the liver and spleen, with low numbers of intralesional immune-stained B. ovis. There was minimal colonization of genital tract in both mice strains, resulting in mild periorchitis or periepididimytis, indicating that B. ovis does not have a clear tropism for the genital tract in the mouse. However, the mouse is a suitable infection model for B. ovis. Additionally, B. ovis mutant strains were generated by deletion of virB2 gene (nonfunctional T4SS), deletion of putative hemagglutinin or deletion of ORFs encoding an ABC transporter. ABC and virB2 mutant strains were attenuated for colonization in spleen and liver when compared to the wild type (WT) strain (p<0.001) at all time points. However, hemagglutinin had wild type levels of colonization in the spleen and liver, suggesting that putative hemagglutinin gene is not required for B. ovis pathogenesis. Additionally, ABC and virB2 survive less than WT (p<0.01) in peritoneal macrophages and extracellularly in the peritoneal cavity. Moreover, ABC transporter and WT virulence were compared in IRF-1-/- male mice. WT infection was 100% lethal to IRF-1-/- mice until 14 dpi, whereas ABC transporter was not lethal. These results confirm the requirement of specific ABC transporter and T4SS for full virulence and survival in vivo of B. ovis

Papel do transportador ABC específico de Brucella ovis em sua sobrevivência intracelular e expressão de fatores de patogenicidade

Exportado OPUSMade available in DSpace on 2019-08-12T21:03:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_teanemas.pdf: 3089918 bytes, checksum: 8fb43cca1ca9067ae34fefb0ceb79323 (MD5) Previous issue date: 22Brucella ovis é a principal causa de falha reprodutiva em carneiros e é uma das poucas espécies de Brucella spp. que não é zoonótica. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram realizar análise proteômica comparativa do mutante sem um transportador ABC espécie-específico funcional (abcAB) com B. ovis selvagem (WT) e caracterizar seu tráfego intracelular, para elucidar o papel do sistema ABC na sua sobrevivência in vitro e intracelular. Na análise proteômica, foram identificados 55 spots de proteínas diferentemente expressas (p<0,05) entre WT e abcAB, sendo 22 proteínas com expressão diminuída no mutante abcAB, inclusive transportadores ABC de peptídeos e açúcares, proteínas de estresse metabólico e Omp31. Estes resultados evidenciam importantes funções do transportador ABC na patogênese e sobrevivência intracelular de B. ovis. Em células HeLa, B. ovis WT foi capaz de sobreviver e multiplicar em fase tardia de infecção, enquanto abcAB foi atenuada com 24 hpi. Na análise por confocal, a maioria de Brucella WT-mCherry escapou de compartimento LAMP-1+ (~80%) às 48 hpi, porém, quase 90% da abcAB-mCherry estava colocalizada com LAMP-1+. O abcAB apresentou fraca expressão do SST4 (VirB8 e VIRB11) em meio rico e meio ácido, quando comparado com amostra WT. Contudo, níveis de RNAm de virB1, virB8, hutC e vjbR foram similares em ambas as amostras. Estes resultados sugerem que transportador ABC é necessário para a expressão pós-transcricional do SST4 em B. ovis em fases tardias do tráfego intracelular.Brucella ovis is a major cause of reproductive failure in rams and it is one of the few Brucella species that is not zoonotic. To verify how the ABC transporter plays a role during B. ovis in vitro and intracellular survival, the aims of this study were to compare proteomic profile and characterize intracellular trafficking of a mutant lacking a species-specific ABC transporter (abcAB). Proteomic analyses identified 55 protein spots differently expressed (p<0.05) between WT and abcAB strains, whereas 22 proteins showed lower expression in abcAB strain, including aminoacid and sugar ABC transporters, metabolic stress proteins, and Omp31. These results may illustrate potential roles of ABC transporter in B. ovis pathogenesis and intracellular survival. In HeLa cells, B. ovis WT was able to survive and replicate at later time point, whereas abcAB was attenuated at 24 hpi. In confocal analyses, mCherry-WT Brucella was able to avoid the LAMP-1+ compartment (~80%) at 48 hpi. However, almost 90% of mCherry-abcAB colocalized with LAMP-1+ compartment. Interestingly, abcAB mutant showed a weak expression of T4SS proteins (VirB8 and VirB11) in both rich and acid media, when compared to WT B. ovis. However, mRNA levels of virB1, virB8, hutC, and vjbR were similar in both strains. These results support the notion that ABC transporter is necessary for the expression of T4SS during late stages of B. ovis intracellular trafficking, although the transporter plays a role at a posttranscriptional leve

Síndrome do jejuno hemorrágico em bovinos: estudo retrospectivo (2013-2020)

Hemorrhagic bowel syndrome (HBS) is an emerging disease, characterized by acute necrotic hemorrhagic enteritis of low morbidity and high mortality. The suggested etiologic agent is the Clostridium perfringens type A, although pathogenesis is not yet well established. The syndrome occurs mainly in dairy cattle, although cases have also been described in beef cattle. There is no specific treatment for the syndrome. This study aimed to report the occurrence of cases of hemorrhagic bowel syndrome diagnosed in cattle by the Veterinary Pathology Laboratory of the Instituto Federal Catarinense – Campus Concórdia (LPV) between 2013 and 2020. During this period, 19 cases of HBS of a total of 1,295 bovines necropsied by LPV were diagnosed, corresponding to 1.4% of the cases. The syndrome has a poor prognosis and can lead to the loss of animals with high zootechnical value. As the disease is an important cause of death of dairy cattle in Santa Catarina, more research is needed to obtain information about the etiology and pathogenesis of the syndrome, as well as strategies for prevention and management in order to mitigate the occurrence of SJH.El síndrome hemorrágico intestinal (SHB) es una enfermedad emergente, caracterizada por enteritis hemorrágica necrótica aguda de baja morbilidad y alta mortalidad. El agente etiológico sugerido es el Clostridium perfringens tipo A, aunque la patogenia aún no está bien establecida. El síndrome se presenta principalmente en bovinos de leche, aunque también se han descrito casos en ganadería de carne. No hay un tratamiento específico para el síndrome. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo describir la ocurrencia de casos del síndrome hemorrágico intestinal diagnosticados en vacunos por el Laboratorio de Patología Veterinaria del Instituto Federal Catarinense – Campus Concórdia (LPV) entre 2013 y 2020. Durante este período, 19 casos de SHB de un total de 1.295 fueron diagnosticados en bovinos por necropsia en elLPV, correspondientes al 1,4% de los casos. El síndrome tiene mal pronóstico y puede conducir a la pérdida de animales con alto valor zootécnico.&nbsp; Como la enfermedad es una importante causa de muerte del ganado lechero en Santa Catarina, se necesita más investigación para obtener información sobre la etiología y patogenia del síndrome, así como estrategias de prevención y manejo para mitigar la aparición de SJH.A síndrome do jejuno hemorrágico (SJH) é uma enfermidade emergente, caracterizada por enterite necrótica hemorrágica aguda de baixa morbidade e alta mortalidade. O agente etiológico sugerido é Clostridium perfringens tipo A, apesar da patogênese ainda não ser bem estabelecida. A síndrome ocorre principalmente em bovinos leiteiros, embora também tenham sido descritos casos em bovinos de corte. Não há tratamento específico para a síndrome. Esse estudo teve como objetivo relatar a ocorrência de casos de síndrome do jejuno hemorrágico diagnosticados em bovinos pelo Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária do Instituto Federal Catarinense – Campus Concórdia (LPV) entre os anos de 2013 e 2020. Nesse período, foram diagnosticados, por necropsia e histopatologia, 19 casos de SJH de um total de 1.295 bovinos necropsiados pelo LPV, correspondendo a 1,4% dos casos. A síndrome tem um prognóstico ruim e pode levar à perda de animais de alto valor zootécnico. Como a enfermidade é uma importante causa de morte de bovinos leiteiros em Santa Catarina, faz-se necessário mais pesquisas visando obter informações acerca da etiologia e patogênese da síndrome, além de estratégias de prevenção e manejo a fim de mitigar a ocorrência da SJH

Tratamentos de camas de frango de corte reutilizadas contra Clostridium perfringens e enterobactérias em sistemas convencional e “dark house”

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effectiveness of quicklime and shallow fermentation applications on the reduction of Clostridium perfringens and enterobacteria in recycled poultry litter, in dark house and conventional systems. Eighty litter samples were evaluated, being divided into four groups: litter treated with quicklime in dark house; litter treated with shallow fermentation and quicklime in dark house; and litter treated with quicklime in conventional broiler house; litter treated with shallow fermentation and quicklime in conventional broiler house. Samples were collected one day before slaughter and five days after litter treatment and were subjected to the quantitative microbiological analysis of enterobacteria and C. perfringens. The bacterial load in pre-treated litter was similar between the dark house and conventional systems. The groups treated only with quicklime showed a significant reduction of enterobacteria in both systems. The reduction of C. perfringens was only observed in the litter group treated with shallow fermentation and quicklime, in conventional broiler house. The use of 500 g m-² quicklime is the most effective method to reduce enterobacteria load in broiler litter both in the dark house and conventional broiler house systems. The combined treatment of shallow fermentation for seven days with the subsequent application of 500 g m-² quicklime is efficient for the reduction of C. perfringens in broiler litter, in conventional broiler house.O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar  a eficácia da aplicação da cal virgem e da fermentação rasa na redução de Clostridium perfringens e enterobactérias em cama de frango de corte reutilizada, nos sistemas “dark house” e convencional. Foram avaliadas 80 amostras de cama, divididas em quatro grupos: cama tratada com cal em “dark house”; cama tratada com fermentação rasa e cal em “dark house”; cama tratada com cal em aviário convencional; e cama tratada com fermentação rasa e cal em aviário convencional. As amostras foram coletadas um dia antes do abate e cinco dias após o tratamento da cama e foram submetidas à análise microbiológica quantitativa de enterobactérias e C. perfringens. A carga bacteriana antes do tratamento foi similar entre os sistemas “dark house” e convencional. Os grupos tratados somente com cal apresentaram redução de enterobactérias em ambos os sistemas. A redução de C. perfringens foi observada somente no grupo de cama tratada com fermentação rasa e cal em aviário convencional. O uso de 500 g m-² de cal virgem é o método mais eficaz para reduzir a carga de enterobactérias em cama de frango, tanto no sistema “dark house” como no convencional. O tratamento combinado de fermentação rasa por sete dias com a posterior aplicação de 500 g m-² de cal é eficiente para a redução de C. perfringens, em cama de frango, em aviário convencional

Diagnóstico de maedi-visna em ovinos no estado de Santa Catarina

Maedi-visna is a progressive and multisystemic disease that affects sheep, resulting in significant economic losses due to animal mortality and possible trade barriers. This work aimed to describe the occurrence of the lentivirus that causes maedi-visna in sheep through the conventional PCR technique in biological samples. To our knowledge, the disease has never been diagnosed in the state of Santa Catarina, south of Brazil. Five adult Texel sheep, from two properties in the city of Concórdia (SC), presented clinical signs of dyspnea and/or ataxia, progressive weight loss, followed by death; were sent to the Veterinary Pathology Laboratory (LPV) for diagnosis. The animals were submitted to necropsy, fragments of several organs, including lung and brain, were collected in 10% formalin for histopathological analysis, and frozen for PCR. In one of the properties, whole blood of 11 sheep was collected to detect the circulation of the virus in the herd. Tissue and blood samples were subjected to different DNA extraction techniques and tested by conventional PCR specific for the maedi-visna virus. At necropsy, the main lesions observed in sheep were: non-collapsed lungs, with elastic and hypocrepting consistency (4/5); and brain with diffuse hyperemia and a focal area of ​​malacia in the white matter (1/5). On histopathology, lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia with lymphoid peribronchial nodular proliferation was described in four animals, and non-suppurative encephalitis with malacia and Gitter cells in one animal. The anatomopathological lesions were compatible with maedi-visna disease, and the diagnosis was confirmed by PCR in the lung. Of the 11 live animals evaluated, five samples of leukocyte porridge were positive by PCR, confirming the circulation of the virus in the herd. The probable causes of these cases in Santa Catarina state are the acquisition of animals from regions where the disease already occurs, as well as the possibility of transmission through semen or infected embryos. The recommended prevention and control measures aim to restrict the horizontal transmission of the virus between animals, avoiding the contact of healthy with infected animals, especially the contact of infected sheep with their lambs. Performing sensitive diagnostic tests such as PCR at regular intervals is also recommended. Maedi-visna is a disease that lacks a vaccine and treatment, and therefore effective control and prevention measures are necessary to prevent its spread in the state.Maedi-visna es una enfermedad progresiva y multisistémica que afecta a los ovinos, y que provoca importantes pérdidas económicas debido a la mortalidad de los animal y posibles barreras comerciales. Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo describir la ocurrencia del lentivirus que causa maedi-visna en ovinos mediante la técnica de PCR convencional en muestras biológicas. Hasta donde sabemos, la enfermedad nunca ha sido diagnosticada en el estado de Santa Catarina, sur de Brasil. Cinco ovejas Texel adultas, de dos propiedades en la ciudad de Concórdia (SC), presentaron signos clínicos de disnea y/o ataxia, pérdida de peso progresiva, seguida de muerte; fueron enviados al Laboratorio de Patología Veterinaria (LPV) para diagnóstico. Los animales fueron sometidos a necropsia, fragmentos de varios órganos, incluyendo pulmón y cerebro, fueron recolectados en formalina al 10% para análisis histopatológico, y congelados para PCR. En una de las propiedades se recolectó sangre entera de 11 ovejas para detectar la circulación del virus en el rebaño. Las muestras de tejido y sangre se sometieron a diferentes técnicas de extracción de ADN y se analizaron mediante PCR convencional específica para el virus maedi-visna. En la necropsia, las principales lesiones observadas fueron: pulmones no colapsados, con consistencia elástica e hipocreptante (4/5); y cerebro con hiperemia difusa y un área focal de malacia en la sustancia blanca (1/5). En la histopatología se observó neumonía intersticial linfocítica con proliferación nodular peribronquial linfoide en cuatro animales y encefalitis no supurativa con malacia y células Gitter en un animal. Las lesiones anatomopatológicas eran compatibles con enfermedad de maedi-visna y el diagnóstico se confirmó mediante PCR en pulmón. De los 11 animales vivos evaluados, cinco muestras de papa de leucocitos resultaron positivas por PCR, lo que confirmó la circulación del virus en el rebaño. Las causas probables de estos casos en el estado de Santa Catarina son la adquisición de animales de regiones donde ocurre la enfermedad, así como la posibilidad de transmisión a través de semen o embriones infectados. Las medidas de prevención y control recomendadas tienen como objetivo restringir la transmisión horizontal del virus entre animales, evitando el contacto de animales sanos con infectados, especialmente el contacto de ovejas infectadas con sus corderos. También se recomienda realizar pruebas de diagnóstico sensibles como PCR a intervalos regulares. Maedi-visna es una enfermedad que carece de vacuna y tratamiento, por lo que son necesarias medidas eficaces de control y prevención para evitar su propagación en la región.Maedi-visna é uma doença progressiva e multissistêmica que acomete ovinos, resultando em prejuízos socioeconômicos significativos, devido à mortalidade de animais e à possíveis barreiras comerciais. Esse trabalho teve por objetivo descrever a ocorrência do lentivírus que causa a maedi-visna em ovinos através da técnica de PCR convencional em amostras biológicas. Ao nosso conhecimento, a enfermidade nunca foi diagnosticada no estado de Santa Catarina. Cinco ovinos adultos da raça Texel, oriundos de duas propriedades do município de Concórdia (SC), apresentaram quadro clínico de dispneia e/ou ataxia, emagrecimento progressivo, seguido de morte e foram enviados ao Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária (LPV) para diagnóstico. Os animais foram submetidos à necropsia, sendo fragmentos de vários órgãos, incluindo pulmão e encéfalo, colhidos em formol 10% para análise histopatológica, e congelados para PCR. Em uma das propriedades, o sangue total de 11 ovinos foi colhido para detectar a circulação do vírus no rebanho. As amostras de tecido e sangue foram submetidas a técnicas distintas de extração de DNA e testadas por PCR convencional específica para o vírus de maedi-visna. Na necropsia, as principais lesões observadas nos ovinos foram: pulmões não colabados, de consistência elástica e hipocreptante (4/5); e encéfalo com hiperemia difusa e área focal de malácia na substância branca (1/5). Na histopatologia, foram descritos pneumonia intersticial linfocítica com proliferação nodular peribronquiolar de tecido linfóide em quatro animais, e encefalite não supurativa com malácia e células Gitter em um animal. As lesões anatomopatológicas foram compatíveis com a doença maedi-visna, e o diagnóstico confirmado por PCR de pulmão.&nbsp; Dos 11 animais vivos avaliados, cinco amostras de papa de leucócitos tiveram resultado positivo através da PCR, confirmando a circulação do vírus no rebanho. As prováveis causas de introdução da doença no estado são pela aquisição de animais de regiões onde a doença já ocorre, assim como a possibilidade de transmissão através de sêmen ou embriões infectados. As medidas de prevenção e controle preconizadas tem o intuito de restringir a transmissão horizontal do vírus entre os animais, evitando o contato de animais sadios com animais infectados, principalmente o contato de ovelhas infectadas com seus borregos. A realização de testes de diagnóstico sensível como a PCR, em intervalos regulares, também é recomendada. Maedi-visna é uma enfermidade que carece de vacina e tratamento e, portanto, medidas eficazes de controle e prevenção são necessárias para evitar a disseminação no estado

Outbreak of Rickets in Pigs in the West of Santa Catarina

Background: Rickets is a deficiency pathology that occurs in young and growing animals, leading to deficient bone mineralization. Rickets has been reported in several species producing numerous economic losses. The disease is caused by nutritional imbalance of calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P) and vitamin D. The aim of this work was to report two outbreaks of rickets in commercial weaning farms in the Seara city, in the western region of Santa Catarina State (SC), Brazil.Case: In August 2016, the Veterinary Pathology Laboratory (LPV) at the Concórdia Campus of the Catarinense Federal Institute (IFC) diagnosed two outbreaks of rickets in pigs in the weaning phase in Seara, SC. The clinical history was obtained by interviewing the field veterinarian and the farmers. In the anamnesis, both pig farmers stated having used a feed premix product from the same company, starting three months ago, and after that the pigs presented clinical signs of posterior paralysis and progressive weight loss. Six animals were submitted to necropsy and organs were collected from the abdominal and thoracic cavities; central nervous system and bones; fixed in 10% buffered formalin, routinely processed, paraffin embedded and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE) for histopathological analysis. Bone specimens were decalcified in nitric acid working solution 20 times their volume, during 5 days. In addition, samples of the premix product containing minerals and vitamins were sent to a specialized laboratory to analyze macroelements levels through the atomic absorption methodology. In property 1, there was a batch of 100 animals, the morbidity rate was 15% and lethality was 5%. In property 2, among 30 animals, the morbidity and lethality rate were 33%. Five animals from property 1 and one animal from property 2 underwent necropsy, that showed severe bone fragility and flexibility (6/6), growth plate discontinuity (2/6), as well as, increased volume of costochondral joints (rachitic rosary) and epiphyseal cartilage thickening (2/6). Regarding the premix used in both farms, the label showed manufactured guarantee of 110 g/kg of Ca (minimum), 62 g/kg of total P and 38,400 I.U./kg of vitamin D. Meanwhile the analysis of the product used in the feed mixture quantified 74.3 g/kg of Ca (minimum), 22.2 g/kg of total P and 40,098.9 I.U./kg of vitamin D. The diagnosis of rickets was established through the association of history, clinical signs, macroscopic, microscopic lesions and nutritional analyses.Discussion: The affected pigs weighed approximately 20 kg and consumed an average of 1.0 kg of feed per day. The recommended amount of feed consumption for pigs at this stage is approximately 953 g in American literature, while national recommendations described a consumption of 1,036 g/animal. Comparing information in the product label and laboratory analyses, the real level of Calcium was 32.4% (35.6 g/kg) lower in the product, as well as total Phosphorus level, 64.2% (39.8 g/kg) lower. On the other hand, Vitamin D levels were 4.4% (1,698.9 I.U.) above guarantee provided by the company. It is concluded that rickets in pigs raised intensively occurred due to non-observance of the minimum intake levels of Ca, P and Vitamin D in the diet. Although this is an evident conclusion, taking into account the industry's technification in Brazil, error in the formulation of the diet leading to animal mortality and serious economic losses to farmers should not be expected.