SENSIBILIDADE DE MUDAS PRÉ-BROTADAS E MINIRREBOLOS DE CANA-DE-AÇÚCAR A HERBICIDAS PRÉ-EMERGENTES

A cana-de-açúcar, cultivada através de minirrebolos e mudas pré-brotadas, podem apresentar maior sensibilidade a herbicidas em comparação ao convencional. Objetivou-se avaliar a seletividade inicial de tratamentos herbicidas aplicados em pré-emergência em variedades de cana-de-açúcar cultivadas nos sistemas de mudas pré-brotadas e de minirrebolos. Em casa de vegetação foram realizados dois experimentos, um com MPBs (RB966928 e IAC 5000) e outro com minirrebolos (RB92579 e RB966928). O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições em esquema fatorial 8 x 5, sendo oito tratamentos (amicarbazone (980,0 g ha-1); metribuzin (921,6 g ha-1); indaziflam (50,0 g ha-1); isoxaflutole (78,8 g ha-1); amicarbazone + indaziflam (703,5 + 37,5 g ha-1); metribuzin + indaziflam (460,8 + 37,5 g ha-1), isoxaflutole + indaziflam (56,3 + 37,5 g ha-1) e  testemunha (sem herbicidas) e cinco épocas de avaliação (7, 14, 21 28 e 35 dias após aplicação dos tratamentos e emergência,  para MPBs e minirrebolos, respectivamente). Em MPBs, os herbicidas amicarbazone e metribuzin, resultaram em 0,00% de fitotoxicidade nas duas variedades. Nos minirrebolos, o isoxaflutole isolado e associado com indaziflam resultaram em alta fitotoxicidade independentemente da variedade. Logo o sistema de plantio e as variedades, influenciam na seletividade de herbicidas na cultura da cana-de-açúcar.Palavras-chave: cana-planta; fitotoxicidade; aplicação; sistemas de plantio. SENSITIVITY OF PRE-BUDDED SEEDLINGS AND SUGAR CANE MULTIBUD SETTS TO PRE-EMERGENT HERBICIDES ABSTRACT: The sugarcane, grown through pre-budded seedlings and multibud setts, may have more sensitive to herbicides compared to conventional. The objective of this study was to evaluate the initial selectivity of pre-emergent herbicide treatment in sugarcane varieties cultivated in the pre-budded seedlings and multibud setts systems. Two experiments were carried out in the greenhouse, one with MPBs (RB966928 and IAC 5000) and the other with multibud setts (RB92579 and RB966928).The design was completely randomized, with four replications in an 8 x 5 factorial scheme, with eight treatments: amicarbazone (1400 g ha-1); metribuzin (1920 g ha-1); indaziflam (100 g ha-1); isoxaflutole (105 g ha-1); amicarbazone + indaziflam (1005 +75 g ha-1); metribuzin + indaziflam (960 + 75 g ha-1), isoxaflutole + indaziflam (75 + 75 g ha-1) and control (without herbicides) and five evaluation periods (7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 days after application of the DAT and emergency treatments, for MPBs and multibud setts, respectively). In MPBs, the herbicides amicarbazone and metribuzin, resulted in 0.00% phytotoxicity in both varieties. In multibud setts, isoxaflutole alone and associated with indaziflam resulted in high phytotoxicity regardless of variety. Soon the planting system and the varieties, influence the selectivity of herbicides in the culture of sugarcane.Keywords: sugarcane-plant; phytotoxicity; application; planting systems

Cryogenic electron tomography to determine thermodynamic quantities for nanoparticle dispersions

Here we present a method to extract thermodynamic quantities for nanoparticle dispersions in solvents. The method is based on the study of tomograms obtained from cryogenic electron tomography (cryoET). The approach is demonstrated for gold nanoparticles (diameter < 5 nm). Tomograms are reconstructed from tilt-series 2D images. Once the three-dimensional (3D) coordinates for the centres of mass of all of the particles in the sample are determined, we calculate the pair distribution function g(r) and the potential of mean force U(r) without any assumption. Importantly, we show that further quantitative information from 3D tomograms is readily available as the spatial fluctuation in the particles’ position can be efficiently determined. This in turn allows for the prompt derivation of the Kirkwood-Buff integrals with all their associated quantities such as the second virial coefficient. Finally, the structure factor and the agglomeration states of the particles are evaluated directly. These thermodynamic quantities provide key insights into the dispersion properties of the particles. The method works well both for dispersed systems containing isolated particles and for systems with varying degrees of agglomerations

The European Reference Genome Atlas: piloting a decentralised approach to equitable biodiversity genomics.

ABSTRACT: A global genome database of all of Earth’s species diversity could be a treasure trove of scientific discoveries. However, regardless of the major advances in genome sequencing technologies, only a tiny fraction of species have genomic information available. To contribute to a more complete planetary genomic database, scientists and institutions across the world have united under the Earth BioGenome Project (EBP), which plans to sequence and assemble high-quality reference genomes for all ∼1.5 million recognized eukaryotic species through a stepwise phased approach. As the initiative transitions into Phase II, where 150,000 species are to be sequenced in just four years, worldwide participation in the project will be fundamental to success. As the European node of the EBP, the European Reference Genome Atlas (ERGA) seeks to implement a new decentralised, accessible, equitable and inclusive model for producing high-quality reference genomes, which will inform EBP as it scales. To embark on this mission, ERGA launched a Pilot Project to establish a network across Europe to develop and test the first infrastructure of its kind for the coordinated and distributed reference genome production on 98 European eukaryotic species from sample providers across 33 European countries. Here we outline the process and challenges faced during the development of a pilot infrastructure for the production of reference genome resources, and explore the effectiveness of this approach in terms of high-quality reference genome production, considering also equity and inclusion. The outcomes and lessons learned during this pilot provide a solid foundation for ERGA while offering key learnings to other transnational and national genomic resource projects.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 333 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

BACKGROUND: Measurement of changes in health across locations is useful to compare and contrast changing epidemiological patterns against health system performance and identify specific needs for resource allocation in research, policy development, and programme decision making. Using the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016, we drew from two widely used summary measures to monitor such changes in population health: disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) and healthy life expectancy (HALE). We used these measures to track trends and benchmark progress compared with expected trends on the basis of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI). METHODS: We used results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 for all-cause mortality, cause-specific mortality, and non-fatal disease burden to derive HALE and DALYs by sex for 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2016. We calculated DALYs by summing years of life lost and years of life lived with disability for each location, age group, sex, and year. We estimated HALE using age-specific death rates and years of life lived with disability per capita. We explored how DALYs and HALE differed from expected trends when compared with the SDI: the geometric mean of income per person, educational attainment in the population older than age 15 years, and total fertility rate. FINDINGS: The highest globally observed HALE at birth for both women and men was in Singapore, at 75·2 years (95% uncertainty interval 71·9-78·6) for females and 72·0 years (68·8-75·1) for males. The lowest for females was in the Central African Republic (45·6 years [42·0-49·5]) and for males was in Lesotho (41·5 years [39·0-44·0]). From 1990 to 2016, global HALE increased by an average of 6·24 years (5·97-6·48) for both sexes combined. Global HALE increased by 6·04 years (5·74-6·27) for males and 6·49 years (6·08-6·77) for females, whereas HALE at age 65 years increased by 1·78 years (1·61-1·93) for males and 1·96 years (1·69-2·13) for females. Total global DALYs remained largely unchanged from 1990 to 2016 (-2·3% [-5·9 to 0·9]), with decreases in communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional (CMNN) disease DALYs offset by increased DALYs due to non-communicable diseases (NCDs). The exemplars, calculated as the five lowest ratios of observed to expected age-standardised DALY rates in 2016, were Nicaragua, Costa Rica, the Maldives, Peru, and Israel. The leading three causes of DALYs globally were ischaemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, and lower respiratory infections, comprising 16·1% of all DALYs. Total DALYs and age-standardised DALY rates due to most CMNN causes decreased from 1990 to 2016. Conversely, the total DALY burden rose for most NCDs; however, age-standardised DALY rates due to NCDs declined globally. INTERPRETATION: At a global level, DALYs and HALE continue to show improvements. At the same time, we observe that many populations are facing growing functional health loss. Rising SDI was associated with increases in cumulative years of life lived with disability and decreases in CMNN DALYs offset by increased NCD DALYs. Relative compression of morbidity highlights the importance of continued health interventions, which has changed in most locations in pace with the gross domestic product per person, education, and family planning. The analysis of DALYs and HALE and their relationship to SDI represents a robust framework with which to benchmark location-specific health performance. Country-specific drivers of disease burden, particularly for causes with higher-than-expected DALYs, should inform health policies, health system improvement initiatives, targeted prevention efforts, and development assistance for health, including financial and research investments for all countries, regardless of their level of sociodemographic development. The presence of countries that substantially outperform others suggests the need for increased scrutiny for proven examples of best practices, which can help to extend gains, whereas the presence of underperforming countries suggests the need for devotion of extra attention to health systems that need more robust support. FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

Cirurgia colorretal eletiva sem descompressão gástrica e com realimentação precoce

Historicamente, as operações sobre o intestino grosso sempre foram cercadas por cuidados especiais, com o intuito de minimizar o potencial de complicações. Com isso, a realimentação oral era postergada. Este trabalho teve como objetivo documentar a retirada da sonda nasogástrica logo após o procedimento cirúrgico e a adoção da realimentação precoce. Foram acompanhados 105 pacientes submetidos a operações colorretais eletivas por via de acesso convencional. A média de idade foi de 59,9 anos com predomínio do sexo masculino. Oitenta e cinco doentes foram operados por afecção maligna. A operação mais realizada foi a retossigmoidectomia com anastomose colorretal. Água era permitida logo após o despertar do paciente, e dieta líquida era liberada no dia seguinte e feita a progressão conforme a aceitação, independentemente da presença de ruídos hidroaéreos ou eliminação de flatos. Em 14 pacientes (13,3%), interrompeu-se a dieta devido a ocorrência de náuseas ou vômitos. A mortalidade foi nula. Ocorreram complicações em 15 doentes (14,3%). Na série estudada, a retirada imediata da sondanasogástrica e realimentação precoce foi prática segura e bem tolerada pela maioria dos pacientes

Influence of sugarcane straw on weed germination control: Weed control in sugarcane

This research studied the effectiveness of herbicide treatments in weed control and during different periods of emergence, when applied to varying amounts of straw. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse with pre-emergent herbicides: amicarbazone, metribuzin, indaziflam, isoxaflutole, amicarbazone + indaziflam, metribuzin + indaziflam, and isoxaflutole + indaziflam, against three species (Sorghum halepense, Rottboellia exaltata, and Mucuna aterrima). The experimental design was completely randomized in a 5x4 factorial scheme, with five amounts of straw (0, 1, 2, 3, and 5 t/ha) and four periods of weed emergence (0, 30, 60, and 90 days after treatments). The residual control of indaziflam was influenced by the amount of straw. Metribuzin presented a low residual control, while isoxaflutole was not affected by the amount of straw. Amicarbazone offered residual control for Mucuna aterrima. The association between indaziflam + isoxaflutole displayed a suitable residual control against Sorghum halepense and Rottboellia exaltata. The association of indaziflam + metribuzin adequately controlled Mucuna aterrima and Sorghum halepense. herbicide physical-chemical characteristics can influence their performance, and the association of products may increase residual and weed spectrum control. Highlights This partial or total removal of remaining sugarcane straw from the soil surface alters weeds dynamics in sugarcane fields. In this situation we have monocot and dicot weeds infesting the sugarcane crops. Among these species, some plants are even more difficult to control, such as Sorghum halepense, Rottboellia exaltata, and Mucuna aterrima Indaziflam herbicide presented a better performance in controlling monocotyledonous plants than eudicot plants. The herbicides amicarbazone and metribuzin presented adequate control of Mucuna aterrima despite having lower residual control. The association of indaziflam + metribuzin, resulted in satisfactory results for Mucuna aterrima, Sorghum halepense, and Rottboellia exaltata.This research studied the effectiveness of herbicide treatments in weed control and during different periods of emergence, when applied to varying amounts of straw. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse with pre-emergent herbicides: amicarbazone, metribuzin, indaziflam, isoxaflutole, amicarbazone + indaziflam, metribuzin + indaziflam, and isoxaflutole + indaziflam, against three species (Sorghum halepense, Rottboellia exaltata, and Mucuna aterrima). The experimental design was completely randomized in a 5x4 factorial scheme, with five amounts of straw (0, 1, 2, 3, and 5 t/ha) and four periods of weed emergence (0, 30, 60, and 90 days after treatments). The residual control of indaziflam was influenced by the amount of straw. Metribuzin presented a low residual control, while isoxaflutole was not affected by the amount of straw. Amicarbazone offered residual control for Mucuna aterrima. The association between indaziflam + isoxaflutole displayed a suitable residual control against Sorghum halepense and Rottboellia exaltata. The association of indaziflam + metribuzin adequately controlled Mucuna aterrima and Sorghum halepense. herbicide physical-chemical characteristics can influence their performance, and the association of products may increase residual and weed spectrum control. Highlights This partial or total removal of remaining sugarcane straw from the soil surface alters weeds dynamics in sugarcane fields. In this situation we have monocot and dicot weeds infesting the sugarcane crops. Among these species, some plants are even more difficult to control, such as Sorghum halepense, Rottboellia exaltata, and Mucuna aterrima Indaziflam herbicide presented a better performance in controlling monocotyledonous plants than eudicot plants. The herbicides amicarbazone and metribuzin presented adequate control of Mucuna aterrima despite having lower residual control. The association of indaziflam + metribuzin, resulted in satisfactory results for Mucuna aterrima, Sorghum halepense, and Rottboellia exaltata