Risk-seeking behavior of preschool children in a gambling task

A recent neurobiology study showed that monkeys systematically prefer risky targets in a visual gambling task. We set a similar experiment with preschool children to assess their attitudes toward risk and found the children, like the monkeys, to be risk seeking. This suggests that adult humans are not born risk averse, but become risk averse. Our experiment also suggests that this behavioral change may be due to learning from negative experiences in their risky choices. We also showed that though emotional states and predetermined prenatal testosterone can influence children’s preferences toward risk, these factors could not override learning experiences.Risk; Children

Emprendimiento y economía gig: un análisis bibliométrico

[EN] There is an increasing number of academic publications on studying the impact of the gig economy and digital platforms. Some of them involve entrepreneurship and business models. However, there is a lack of a global picture depicting the scientific structure of knowledge regarding the gig economy and entrepreneurship. This paper presents a conceptual, intellectual, and social bibliometric overview, using Bibliometrix and Biblioshiny (R-packages). To this end, total of 345 published articles were analyzed, covering 245 sources, 44 countries and 751 authors. There are several important findings: five main clusters emerged from the study (Self-employment and social economy; Sharing economy and sustainable development; Entrepreneurship and innovation; Gig economy and platform economy; and Digitalization); the main themes that emerge deal with sharing, gig, and platform economy, digitalization, teleworking, career participation and platforms; finally, gig workers are key for developing strategies, policies, and actions to achieve a social welfare through entrepreneurship in the platform ecosystem. It is also important to highlight the role of communities and social capital in the development of sustainable collaborative initiatives through digital entrepreneurship.[ES] Existe un número cada vez mayor de publicaciones académicas sobre el estudio del impacto de la economía gig y las plataformas digitales. Algunos de ellos incluyen el espíritu emprendedor y el modelo de negocio. Sin embargo, como falta una imagen global que describa la estructura científica del conocimiento con respecto a la economía gig y el emprendimiento, este artículo presenta una descripción bibliométrica conceptual, intelectual y social, utilizando Bibliometrix y Biblioshiny (paquetes R). Para ello, analizó un total de 345 artículos, que abarcan 245 fuentes, 44 países y 751 autores. Hay varios hallazgos importantes: cinco grupos principales surgieron del estudio (Autoempleo y economía social; Economía compartida y desarrollo sostenible; Emprendimiento e innovación; Economía Gig y economía de plataformas; y Digitalización); los principales temas que surgen tratan sobre el intercambio, la economía gig y las plataformas, la digitalización, el teletrabajo, la participación profesional y las plataformas; finalmente, los trabajadores gig son clave para desarrollar estrategias, políticas y acciones para lograr un bienestar social a través del emprendimiento en el ecosistema de las plataformas digitales. También es importante destacar el papel de las comunidades y el capital social en el desarrollo de iniciativas colaborativas sostenibles a través del emprendimiento digital

A herança digital e a transmissão de conteúdos digitais em vida

Dissertação de mestrado em Direito e InformáticaCom a modernização tecnológica surgiram novos bens de que cada indivíduo pode ser titular. Nomeadamente, bens em formato digital, aos quais a legislação vigente precisa de dar resposta de modo a conferir segurança jurídica aos seus titulares. Ora, estes conteúdos digitais necessitam de ver regulada a sua transmissibilidade quer em vida, quer em morte. Sendo esse o âmbito de análise desta dissertação de mestrado. Com efeito, numa primeira parte deste trabalho será analisado o Direito Sucessório Português com o intuito de compreender o que se enquadra no âmbito de uma sucessão, quais os direitos que poderão ser transmitidos por morte do seu titular, e quem poderão ser os destinatários desses direitos, ou seja, quem serão os sucessores de uma pessoa falecida. De igual forma, nesta parte inicial será ainda abordado o tema da preservação digital com vista a compreender como pode ser mantida a acessibilidade dos conteúdos digitais à medida que os meios tecnológicos evoluem e estes sofrem desatualizações. Sendo realçado o papel vital que esta preservação terá na transmissão dos conteúdos digitais, tanto em vida como em morte. Por sua vez, na segunda parte desta dissertação irão ser procuradas as respostas jurídicas para duas questões fundamentais. Em primeiro lugar, procurará entender-se como podem os conteúdos digitais ser transmitidos em vida pelo seu titular, particularmente através de negócio jurídicos, quer onerosos, quer gratuitos (doações). Para tal será tomado em consideração o importante papel da autonomia privada no âmbito dos negócios jurídicos, bem como o seu corolário no princípio da liberdade contratual. Por último, pretende-se que seja analisada a possibilidade de existência de uma Herança Digital em função das disposições jurídicas vigentes no ordenamento jurídico português. Desse modo, será analisada a sua admissibilidade legal, subdividindo-se os conteúdos digitais entre aqueles que têm valor patrimonial e aqueles que são insuscetíveis de avaliação económica. Sendo também contemplada a possibilidade de realização de um testamento sobre este tipo de conteúdos. Finalmente, será realizada uma comparação com outros ordenamentos jurídicos, com particular destaque para países como o Brasil e os EUA.With the modernization of technology, individuals have acquired new personal goods, in particular digital properties. The existence of these confirms the urgent need of the current legislation to give a response that grants juridical safety to their owners. Accordingly, these digital goods need a regulation for their transmissibility, either during their owners’ life or in death. That is the study subject of this Master’s Degree Dissertation. In the first part of this project, the Portuguese inheritance law will be analysed with the purpose of understanding what makes part of the succession range; which rights might be transmitted at the owners’ death and who may be the legal warden of those rights, i.e., who will be the successors of the deceased. The topic “digital preservation” will also be studied in the initial part of the thesis, with intuit of understanding how the accessibility of the digital goods can be kept, as the technological resources evolve and get out of date. Will be highlighted the vital role this preservation will have in the succession of the digital goods. In the second part, we are going to search for juridical answers to two fundamental issues. First, we are going to try to comprehend how digital properties can be transmitted during their owner’s life, particularly through contracts, either onerous or gratuitous (donations). Therefore, we are going to take into consideration the significant role of private autonomy in what concerns to contracts, as well as its corollary that results into the principle of contractual freedom. Finally, the possible existence of a Digital Inheritance is going to be scrutinized in the light of the current juridical provisions, in the legal system. Thus, the Digital Inheritance legal admissibility is going to be analysed, dividing up the digital goods into those which have patrimonial value and those which are not object of an economical estimate. Moreover, the possibility of making a will that includes these digital goods is also going to be comprised. We are also going to compare the Portuguese legal system to others, mainly to the Brazilian and American ones, to what extends the Digital Inheritance

From a Pedagogical Experience of a Photography Course on Architectural and Public Space into a Research Project focused on Communication of Public Space's State and Evolution, Architecture and Urban Cultures

This paper will explain how, from a blended teaching experience1 in CFM (Communication,Photography and Multimedia) Course at FAUP (Faculty of Architecture, University of Porto) that lead to several didactic experiences and research projects on architecture and public space (seminars,workshops, publications and editorial projects), CCRE (Centre for Spatial Communication and Representation) Research Group has been able to interrelate a set of significant experiences and results coming from the former work andactivities with the on-going R&D project DARC, more specifically with its City Spaces|Culture module, directed towards the communication of content related to cultural events and spaces as architectural heritage, identity and historical places. All these projects, together with CCRE's communication philosophy, its online platforms and physical outputs - such as publications and exhibitions - constitute a blend between direct and "indirect" pedagogy strategies on architecture, public space and the way they are experienced by the general public. As we will explain in this paper, all these research projects were fundamental to assess the possibilities and limits of our pedagogic/didactic philosophy, as well as to trigger new and more effective ways of communicating and sharing substantial information between students and the general public. This paper will therefore explore the blended approach that we've taken in CFM classes, how it translated into the various platforms that we've used for it and for other parallel activities, and how this knowledge is being applied to the on-going DARC research project and to its set of communication and presentation operators. The goal will be to verify how the combined operators that we've used in our platform(ranging from geo-referenced maps, images and videos - focused on visual literacy - and social networking - focused on communication) allowed for a deeper involvement and participation of both academic community and general public

O Mercado do carbono: novas oportunidades com base no desenvolvimento

Dissertação para a obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Contabilidade e FinançasOrientador: Mestre Carlos Filipe MotaEsta dissertação pretende estudar a emergência de um novo mercado que surgiu da comercialização e promoção dos gases de efeito de estufa, regulado por entidades supranacionais cujo objectivo principal é a obtenção de uma melhoria ambiental, que possibilite um desenvolvimento sustentável e com respeito pelo meio ambiente. Analisando em detalhe as instituições envolvidas, os Acordos que se foram realizando e os compromissos nestes assumidos, procurar-se-á apurar se o desenvolvimento com base em medidas ambientais poderá ser economicamente viável. Abordará igualmente, a base teórica de economia pública que serve de orientação para a elaboração dos Acordos. Na dissertação, conclui-se que o desenvolvimento sustentável e a redução do nível de emissões será certamente e de forma gradual, uma obrigação das sociedades. A interacção das entidades e países, com o mercado do carbono, poderá funcionar como um incentivo adicional à utilização das “energias limpas” ainda que, o elevado custo desta utilização seja, com base nos dados empíricos de mercado e nas projecções de curto prazo, economicamente desfavorável. Apesar da indefinição nos prazos e nas medidas punitivas ou de coacção dos Protocolos (Quioto, Copenhaga, etc.), que acaba por diluir ou atrasar a acção ambiental/intervenção, acredita-se que, o mediatismo e a alteração decorrente dos fenómenos climáticos extremos mais visível nos períodos recentes, poderá incentivar a acção colectiva e o desejo de implementação de medidas limpas e que estejam definidas de acordo com as necessidades ambientais

LINEAR PROGRAMMING APPLIED TO FINANCE - BUILDING A GREAT PORTFOLIO INVESTMENT

The stock market has grown steadily in recent years, and several indices have also been created in this market, like IGC, ISE and IBOVESPA. Thinking about this market growth, this paper aims to build an optimal portfolio using linear programming, based on companies simultaneously present in the indices: IGC and ISE. The constraints of the problem will be based on indicators of IBOVESPA. The model will be created to meet the restrictions set and to maximize the portfolio return, always comparing with the return of IBOVESPA, with a time horizon from 2007 until 2012. As results, the developed model was capable to provide better returns in fourteen of the twenty two periods under consideration. Besides, the average return considering all the periods was 0,03404 for the proposed model and -0,02086 for the IBOVESPA portfolio