Liver X receptors, lipids and their reproductive secrets in the male

International audienceLiver X receptor (LXR) a and LXRb belong to the nuclear receptor superfamily. For many years they have been called orphan receptors, as no natural ligand was identified. In the last decade the LXR natural ligands have been shown to be oxysterols, molecules derived from cholesterol. While these nuclear receptors have been abundantly studied for their roles in the regulation of lipid metabolism, it appears that they also present crucial activities in reproductive organs such as testis and epididymis, as well as prostate. Phenotypic analyses of mice lacking LXRs (−/−) pointed out their physiological activies in the various cells and organs regulating reproductive functions. This review summarizes the impact of LXR-deficiency in male reproduction, highlighting the novel information coming from the phenotypic analyses of −/−, −/− and −/− mice

Changes in LXR signaling influence early-pregnancy lipogenesis and protect against dysregulated fetoplacental lipid homeostasis

Human pregnancy is associated with enhanced de novo lipogenesis in the early stages followed by hyperlipidemia during advanced gestation. Liver X receptors (LXRs) are oxysterol-activated nuclear receptors that stimulate de novo lipogenesis and also promote the efflux of cholesterol from extrahepatic tissues followed by its transport back to the liver for biliary excretion. Although LXR is recognized as a master regulator of triglyceride and cholesterol homeostasis, it is unknown whether it facilitates the gestational adaptations in lipid metabolism. To address this question, biochemical profiling, protein quantification, and gene expression studies were used, and gestational metabolic changes in T0901317-treated wild-type mice and Lxrab-/- mutants were investigated. Here, we show that altered LXR signaling contributes to the enhanced lipogenesis in early pregnancy by increasing the expression of hepatic Fas and stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (Scd1). Both the pharmacological activation of LXR with T0901317 and the genetic ablation of its two isoforms disrupted the increase in hepatic fatty acid biosynthesis and the development of hypertriglyceridemia during early gestation. We also demonstrate that absence of LXR enhances maternal white adipose tissue lipolysis, causing abnormal accumulation of triglycerides, cholesterol, and free fatty acids in the fetal liver. Together, these data identify LXR as an important factor in early-pregnancy lipogenesis that is also necessary to protect against abnormalities in fetoplacental lipid homeostasis

Harnessing the reverse cholesterol transport pathway to favor differentiation of monocyte-derived APCs and antitumor responses

Lipid and cholesterol metabolism play a crucial role in tumor cell behavior and in shaping the tumor microenvironment. In particular, enzymatic and non-enzymatic cholesterol metabolism, and derived metabolites control dendritic cell (DC) functions, ultimately impacting tumor antigen presentation within and outside the tumor mass, dampening tumor immunity and immunotherapeutic attempts. The mechanisms accounting for such events remain largely to be defined. Here we perturbed (oxy)sterol metabolism genetically and pharmacologically and analyzed the tumor lipidome landscape in relation to the tumor-infiltrating immune cells. We report that perturbing the lipidome of tumor microenvironment by the expression of sulfotransferase 2B1b crucial in cholesterol and oxysterol sulfate synthesis, favored intratumoral representation of monocyte-derived antigen-presenting cells, including monocyte-DCs. We also found that treating mice with a newly developed antagonist of the oxysterol receptors Liver X Receptors (LXRs), promoted intratumoral monocyte-DC differentiation, delayed tumor growth and synergized with anti-PD-1 immunotherapy and adoptive T cell therapy. Of note, looking at LXR/cholesterol gene signature in melanoma patients treated with anti-PD-1-based immunotherapy predicted diverse clinical outcomes. Indeed, patients whose tumors were poorly infiltrated by monocytes/macrophages expressing LXR target genes showed improved survival over the course of therapy. Thus, our data support a role for (oxy)sterol metabolism in shaping monocyte-to-DC differentiation, and in tumor antigen presentation critical for responsiveness to immunotherapy. The identification of a new LXR antagonist opens new treatment avenues for cancer patients

A common polymorphism in NR1H2 (LXRbeta) is associated with preeclampsia

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Preeclampsia is a frequent complication of pregnancy and a leading cause of perinatal mortality. Both genetic and environmental risk factors have been identified. Lipid metabolism, particularly cholesterol metabolism, is associated with this disease. Liver X receptors alpha (NR1H3, also known as LXRalpha) and beta (NR1H2, also known as LXRbeta) play a key role in lipid metabolism. They belong to the nuclear receptor superfamily and are activated by cholesterol derivatives. They have been implicated in preeclampsia because they modulate trophoblast invasion and regulate the expression of the endoglin (CD105) gene, a marker of preeclampsia. The aim of this study was to investigate associations between the <it>NR1H3 </it>and <it>NR1H2 </it>genes and preeclampsia.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>We assessed associations between single nucleotide polymorphisms of <it>NR1H3 </it>(rs2279238 and rs7120118) and <it>NR1H2 </it>(rs35463555 and rs2695121) and the disease in 155 individuals with preeclampsia and 305 controls. Genotypes were determined by high-resolution melting analysis. We then used a logistic regression model to analyze the different alleles and genotypes for those polymorphisms as a function of case/control status.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We found no association between <it>NR1H3 </it>SNPs and the disease, but the <it>NR1H2 </it>polymorphism rs2695121 was found to be strongly associated with preeclampsia (genotype C/C: adjusted odds ratio, 2.05; 95% CI, 1.04-4.05; <it>p </it>= 0.039 and genotype T/C: adjusted odds ratio, 1.85; 95% CI, 1.01-3.42; <it>p </it>= 0.049).</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>This study provides the first evidence of an association between the <it>NR1H2 </it>gene and preeclampsia, adding to our understanding of the links between cholesterol metabolism and this disease.</p

Etude des mécanismes non-génomiques du récepteur des androgènes impliqués dans le contrôle de la survie cellulaire

CLERMONT FD-BCIU Sci.et Tech. (630142101) / SudocSudocFranceF

Rôle des récepteurs des oxystérols LXRs (Liver X Réceptors) dans le processus de carcinogenèse prostatique chez la souris

De nombreuses études épidémiologiques associent le cholestérol avec l incidence et le développement du cancer de la prostate. Parmi les acteurs impliqués dans le métabolisme du cholestérol, les récepteurs nucléaires LXRa et LXRb sont identifiés comme d importants régulateurs intra-cellulaires capables d ajuster les niveaux d accumulation de cette molécule. En parallèle, ces récepteurs peuvent exercer des effets anti-prolifératif et pro-apoptotique sur des cellules tumorales prostatiques. L ensemble de ces données suggère un rôle protecteur des LXRs dans le cadre du cancer de la prostate. Les objectifs de ces travaux ont été d étudier les mécanismes moléculaires reliant les LXRs au cycle cellulaire et de comprendre le rôle de ces récepteurs nucléaires dans le processus de la carcinogenèse prostatique. Nous avons ainsi montré que les LXRs exerçaient leur effet anti-prolifératif sur des cellules murines épithéliales prostatiques (MPECs) notamment via des modulations des voies de transduction PI3K/AKT et MAPK. Ces résultats font de ces cellules un modèle d étude des mécanismes moléculaires impliqués dans cet effet. Les souris Lxrab-/- nourries avec un régime riche en cholestérol présentent un phénotype de néoplasie prostatique associé à un profil tanscriptomique proche de celui de souris modèles de cancer de la prostate démontrant l effet protecteur des LXRs dans une condition d hypercholestérolémie. Enfin, l expression et l activité des LXRs et leur gènes cibles ont été étudiées dans un modèle murin de carcinogenèse prostatique, les souris Pten-/-, dont l invalidation du gène suppresseur de tumeur Pten est spécifique de l épithélium prostatique. De manière intéressante, nous montrons que les LXRs sont activés au cours de la carcinogenèse prostatique et que la perte des LXRs dans les souris Pten-/- entraîne une accélération de la progression tumorale. Au final, ces résultats mettent en lumière que les LXRs peuvent exercer un rôle de barrière limitant la progression tumorale, notamment par l intermédiaire de leurs gènes cibles codant les cassettes d efflux de cholestérol, Abca1 et Abcg1.Several epidemiological studies associate cholesterol to prostate cancer incidence and development. Among the actors involved in cholesterol metabolism, the nuclear receptors LXRa and b have been identified as important intracellular regulators, able to adjust cholesterol accumulation. In parallel, these receptors exert anti-proliferative and proapoptotic effects on prostate tumor cells. Altogether, these data suggest a protective role of LXRs against prostate cancer. This work aimed at understanding the molecular mecanisms linking LXRs to cell cycle regulation and prostate carcinogenesis. We showed that LXRs are able to exert their anti-proliferative effect on murine prostate epithelial cells (MPECs) via modulation of PI3K/AKT and MAPK pathways. These results demonstrate the value of these cells to study the molecular mecanisms involved in this LXR effect. Lxrab-/- mice fed a high cholesterol diet, display prostate neoplasia and a transcriptomic profil close to the one of a mouse model of prostate cancer demonstrating the protective effect of LXRs in hypercholesterolemia condition. Expression and activity of LXRs and their target genes have been studied in a mouse model of prostate cancer, the Pten-/- mice with a knock-out of the tumour supressor Pten specifically in the prostate epithelium. Interestingly, we showed that LXRs are activated during prostate carcinogenesis and that the loss of LXRs in Pten-/- mice leads to an acceleration of tumor progression. In summary, these results highlight the role of LXRs as a barrier to constrain tumor progression in particular through their target genes Abca1 and Abcg1.CLERMONT FD-Bib.électronique (631139902) / SudocSudocFranceF

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Traitement du cancer de la prostate par plasma froid

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