Maalaisjärjen käyttö sallittu! : Millaisia odotuksia kuurosokeilla asiakkailla on tulkkien tehtäviin ja ammattieettisten sääntöjen noudattamiseen liittyen?

Ammattietiikka on asia, joka aiheuttaa paljon pohdintaa. Vaikka useilla ammattialoilla onkin käytössään ammattieettinen säännöstö, ei ole aina yksiselitteistä miten missäkin tilanteessa tulisi toimia oikein. Säännöt ovat tukena ammattilaisille, mutta jokaisen tulee silti osata käyttää omaa harkintaa työssä vastaan tulevissa tilanteissa. Asiakkailla ei välttämättä ole minkäänlaista tietoa työntekijän ammattieettisistä säännöistä ja heidän odotuksensa voivat myös poiketa tulkin ajatuksista siitä, miten tilanteessa tulee toimia. Tulkkauspalveluiden järjestäjä Kela edellyttää tulkeilta ammattieettisten sääntöjen noudattamista sekä kuurosokeiden tulkkina toimivilta kuurosokeille tulkkaamisen opintoja. Opinnäytetyön aihe on ajankohtainen. Tämän opinnäytetyön tavoitteena oli selvittää, miten kuurosokeat tulkinkäyttäjät kokevat viittomakielen tulkkien noudattavan eettisiä sääntöjä. Työssä selvitettiin myös millaisia odotuksia ja toiveita kuuro-sokeilla tulkinkäyttäjillä on tulkeille ja arvioidaan miten ne toteutuvat. Ammattietiikkaan ja tulkin tehtäviin liittyviä opinnäytetöitä on tehty Suomessa useitakin, mutta niissä missään aihetta ei ole lähestytty tulkinkäyttäjän näkökulmasta. Opinnäytetyön tilaajana oli Suomen Kuurosokeat ry:n Kommunikaatiopalvelut. Työn tarkoituksena oli kartoittaa tilaajalle kuurosokeiden tulkinkäyttäjien kokemuksia tulkkien tehtävistä, eettisten sääntöjen noudattamisesta, heidän kohtaamistaan ristiriitatilanteista ja niiden ratkaisemisesta. Tilaaja voi hyödyntää opinnäytetyötä ja siinä käytettyjä esimerkkitilanteita järjestäessään tulkinkäytönkoulutusta asiakkailleen. Työ on myös hyödyllinen kaikille tulkkiopiskelijoille sekä kentällä toimiville tulkeille, jotka työskentelevät kuurosokeiden parissa. Valmiita ratkaisuja kaikissa tilanteissa toimimiseen ei ole olemassa, mutta työn avulla voi pohtia eri näkökulmia ja ratkaisuja ja sitä kautta kehittää päätöksentekokykyä käytännön tilanteissa. Tutkimustapa oli kvalitatiivinen eli laadullinen ja tutkimusmenetelmänä käytettiin puolistrukturoitua teemahaastattelua. Tutkimusta varten haastateltiin kuutta kuurosokeaa tulkinkäyttäjää. Haastatteluissa kerättiin tietoa myös eettisesti haastavien esimerkkitilanteiden avulla. Tutkimuksen tuloksena selvisi, että kuurosokeiden tulkinkäyttäjien mielestä tulkit noudattavat ammattieettistä säännöstöä pääasiassa hyvin. Heidän toiveensa toteutuivat myös pääsääntöisesti, mikäli toiveista kerrottiin tulkeille. Suurempia ristiriitatilanteitakaan ei ollut kenellekään sattunut muutamia poikkeuksia lukuun ottamatta. Ne ristiriidat, joita oli syntynyt, olivat sattuneet pääasiassa kauan sitten. Ongelmia saattoi olla myös uuden, vastavalmistuneen tulkin kanssa, jos kokemus ja ammattitaito ei riittänyt tilanteessa toimimiseen. Pienemmistä hämmennystä aiheuttavista tilanteista oli yleensä selvitty puhumalla. Moni haastattelun vastaajista toivoi tulkeilta maalaisjärjen käyttöä, jonka avulla he kokivat selviävänsä kaikista tilanteista. Jotta tietoisuus tulkin tehtävistä tulkinkäyttäjien ja tulkkien keskuudessa kasvaisi, tarvitaan vuorovaikutusta ja koulutusta molemmille ryhmille. Toivottavasti tämä opinnäytetyö osaltaan auttaa koulutusten järjestämisessä.Professional ethics is an issue that causes much contemplation. While many professions do have a Code of Ethics in use, it is not always simple to know how to behave correctly in any given situation. A Code of Ethics provides support for the professionals, but each individual needs to be able to make their own judgements over situations that occur at work. Clients may not have any knowledge about the Code of Ethics in place, and their expectations may also differ from an interpreter’s thinking. The organiser of interpreter services, the Social Insurance Institution of Finland, requires that the interpreters follow the Code of Ethics, and those who work as interpreters for deafblind must be appropriately qualified. The theme of this thesis is topical. The aim of this thesis was to find out how the deafblind users of interpretation services feel that interpreters succeed in following their professional Code of Ethics. The kind of expectations and wishes the deafblind users of interpretation services have of the interpreters is also considered, and the interpreters’ success of meeting these expectations is evaluated. In Finland, there are several previous theses written about professional ethics and the tasks of an interpreter, but none of them has considered the subject from the clients’ point of view. The subscriber of this thesis was The Finnish Deafblind Association’s Communication Services. The purpose of this study was to research the deafblind interpreter users’ experiences about the interpreters’ tasks, how the interpreters follow the Code of Ethics, the conflict situations they have ran into, and how they have resolved them. The subscriber can utilise this thesis and the relevant case studies when they arrange training for the deafblind about using interpreter services. The thesis is also useful for student interpreters and for the interpreters who work with the deafblind in the field. There are no ready-made solutions for how to act in every situation, but with the help of this study, the interpreters can consider different aspects and solutions and thereby develop their decision making skills in real life situations. The research method was qualitative and data was collected by structured theme interviews. Six deafblind interpreter users were interviewed for the study. Data was collected in the interviews also with the help of ethically challenging cases. The findings of this study suggest that in the opinion of the deafblind clients', on the whole the interpreters follow the Code of Ethics well. Their expectations were also predominantly fulfilled if they expressed their wishes to the interpreter. Apart from a few exceptions, there had not been any major conflicts. The conflicts that did occur had mainly happened a long time ago. There had also been some problems with a newly graduated interpreter who had not yet gained sufficient experience and professional skills to cope with a situation. Any situations causing minor confusion were usually resolved through talking. Many of the respondents wished for the use of common sense from the interpreters. They felt that by means of common sense, all situations can be dealt with. In order to increase awareness about the tasks of an interpreter among both clients and interpreters themselves, there is a need for interaction and training for both groups. Hopefully this thesis can play its part in helping to organise this kind of training

Sokeripohjaisen karvanpoistoaineen tuotekehitys

Tämän opinnäytetyön tarkoituksena oli kehittää sokeripohjainen karvanpoistoaine. Yhteistyöyrityksenä toimi Vihreä Kosmetiikka Finland Oy. Työssä perehdyttiin kosmeettisen tuotteen valmistukseen ideoinnista valmisteen markkinoille tuloon saakka. Opinnäytetyön teoreettinen viitekehys käsitteli ihon ja karvojen rakennetta sekä ominaisuuksia. Teoriaosuudessa perehdyttiin kosmetiikkatuotteen kehitysprosessiin, raaka-aineisiin ja tuotantomenetelmiin. Olennaisena osana työhön kuuluivat myös valmiin tuotteen testaukset sekä pakkaukset ja visuaalinen ilme. Lisäksi perehdyttiin laadulliseen tutkimukseen. Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli selvittää, toimiko tuote halutulla tavalla ja olivatko käyttöohjeet riittävät kuluttajille. Toiminnallinen osuus koostui monista osa-alueista, joista tärkeimpänä oli oikeanlaisen koostumuksen löytäminen koe-erien avulla. Sopivan koostumuksen löydyttyä toteutettiin kuluttajatutkimus. Toiminnalliseen osuuteen kuuluivat myös ainesosaluettelon, käyttöohjeen ja valmistusohjeen laatiminen sekä pakkauksen ja etiketin suunnittelu. Lisäksi tuotteelle tehtiin oma välilehti yrityksen internetsivuille ja sokeroinnista kuvattiin ja editoitiin opastusvideo kuluttajien käyttöön. Kuluttajatutkimus toteutettiin laadullisena tutkimuksena. Tutkimukseen osallistui kymmenen testihenkilöä, jotka saivat kirjallisen käyttöohjeen, purkin sokerointivalmistetta sekä kyselylomakkeen. Osallistujia pyydettiin kokeilemaan tuotetta ja vastaamaan kysymyksiin muun muassa tuotteen toimivuudesta ja käyttöohjeiden laadusta. Tulokset osoittivat odotetusti, että sokeroinnin tekniikan hallinta on vaikeaa ja siihen tarvitaan lisäohjeita esimerkiksi kuvien tai videon avulla. Valmisteen reseptiä ei muutettu, mutta palautteiden perusteella kuluttajille suunnattua käyttöohjetta muokattiin. Opinnäytetyössä onnistuttiin kehittämään toimiva sokeripohjainen valmiste ihokarvojen poistoon. Tuote lisättiin yhteistyöyrityksen tuotevalikoimaan ja sen myynti aloitettiin kesällä 2013.Developing a sugar - based body hair removing product The purpose of this thesis was to develop a sugar-based hair removing product for a Finnish natural cosmetics company Vihreä Kosmetiikka Finland Oy. This functional thesis includes the development of the product from the idea generation process to the finished product. The theoretical framework discusses the structure and features of human skin and body hair. The theoretical part consists of the development process, ingredients and production methods of a cosmetic product. An essential part of the thesis was also the testing and safety assess-ment of the finished product as well as its packaging and visual design. In addition to these there is a brief to qualitative research. The aim of the study was to determine whether the product acted as desired and whether the instructions for use were sufficient to consumers. The functional part of the thesis includes many aspects, of which the most important was to find the right texture for the product. When a suitable composition was found, consumer re-search was carried out. Also the list of ingredients, instructions for use and recipe were made as well as the packaging and label design. The product received its own page in the compa-ny’s website. A tutorial video was recorded and edited for the consumers. The consumer survey was made as qualitative research. Ten test persons took part in the sur-vey, they received written instructions, the product and the questionnaire. The participants were asked to try the product and to answer the questions about the product’s effectiveness and the quality of the instructions. Feedback from the consumers showed, as expected, that the sugaring technique is difficult and needs further instructions in the form of pictures or a video. The recipe was not changed but the feedback from consumers showed that the instruc-tions needed to be modified. In this thesis a sugar-based body hair removing product was successfully developed. The product was added to the company’s product range and the product was launched in the summer of 2013

Reactive nitrogen in Mexico City and its relation to ozone-precursor sensitivity: results from photochemical models

We use results of a 3-D photochemistry/transport model for ozone formation in Mexico City during events in 1997 to investigate ambient concentrations of reactive nitrogen in relation to ozone-precursor sensitivity. Previous results from other locations suggest that ratios such as O<sub>3</sub>/NO<sub>y</sub> and H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>/HNO<sub>3</sub> might provide measurement-based indicators for NO<sub>x</sub>-sensitive or VOC-sensitive conditions. Mexico City presents a different environment due to its high concentrations of VOC and high level of pollutants in general. The model predicts a correlation between PAN and O<sub>3</sub> with relatively high PAN/O<sub>3</sub> (0.07), which is still lower than measured values. The model PAN is comparable with results from a model for Paris but much higher than were found in Nashville in both models and measurements. The difference is due in part to the lower temperature in Mexico City relative to Nashville. Model HNO<sub>3</sub> in Mexico City is unusually low for an urban area and PAN/HNO<sub>3</sub> is very high, probably due to the high ratio of reactivity-weighted VOC to NO<sub>x</sub>. The model predicts that VOC-sensitive chemistry in Mexico is associated with high NO<sub>x</sub>, NO<sub>y</sub> and NO<sub>x</sub>/NO<sub>y</sub> and with low O<sub>3</sub>/NO<sub>y</sub> and H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>/HNO<sub>3</sub>, suggesting that these indicators work well for Mexico City. The relation between ozone-precursor sensitivity and either O<sub>3</sub>/NO<sub>z</sub> or O<sub>3</sub>/HNO<sub>3</sub> is more ambiguous. VOC-sensitive conditions are associated with higher O<sub>3</sub>/HNO<sub>3</sub> than would be found in NO<sub>x</sub>-sensitive conditions, but model O<sub>3</sub>/HNO<sub>3</sub> associated with both NO<sub>x</sub>-sensitive and VOC-sensitive chemistry is higher in Mexico than in other cities. The model predicts a mixed pattern of ozone-precursor sensitivity in Mexico City, with VOC-sensitive conditions in the morning and NO<sub>x</sub>-sensitive in the afternoon, in contrast to results from other models for more recent events that predicted strongly VOC- sensitive conditions throughout the day. The difference in predicted ozone-precursor sensitivity is most likely due to different emission rates and to changes in emissions over time. The model with mixed sensitivity predicts much lower ambient NO<sub>x</sub> and NO<sub>x</sub>/NO<sub>y</sub> than the strongly VOC-sensitive model

Chemical nonlinearities in relating intercontinental ozone pollution to anthropogenic emissions

Model studies typically estimate intercontinental influence on surface ozone by perturbing emissions from a source continent and diagnosing the ozone response in the receptor continent. Since the response to perturbations is non-linear due to chemistry, conclusions drawn from different studies may depend on the magnitude of the applied perturbation. We investigate this issue for intercontinental transport between North America, Europe, and Asia with sensitivity simulations in three global chemical transport models. In each region, we decrease anthropogenic emissions of NOx and nonmethane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) by 20% and 100%. We find strong nonlinearity in the response to NOx perturbations outside summer, reflecting transitions in the chemical regime for ozone production. In contrast, we find no significant nonlinearity to NOx perturbations in summer or to NMVOC perturbations year-round. The relative benefit of decreasing NOx vs. NMVOC from current levels to abate intercontinental pollution increases with the magnitude of emission reductions

Global modeling of SOA: the use of different mechanisms for aqueous-phase formation

There is growing interest in the formation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) through condensed aqueous-phase reactions. In this study, we use a global model (IMPACT) to investigate the potential formation of SOA in the aqueous phase. We compare results from several multiphase process schemes with detailed aqueous-phase reactions to schemes that use a first-order gas-to-particle formation rate based on uptake coefficients. The predicted net global SOA production rate in cloud water ranges from 13.1 Tg yr-1 to 46.8 Tg yr-1 while that in aerosol water ranges from -0.4 Tg yr-1 to 12.6 Tg yr-1. The predicted global burden of SOA formed in the aqueous phase ranges from 0.09 Tg to 0.51 Tg. A sensitivity test to investigate two representations of cloud water content from two global models shows that increasing cloud water by an average factor of 2.7 can increase the net SOA production rate in cloud water by a factor of 4 at low altitudes (below approximately 900 hPa). We also investigated the importance of including dissolved Fe chemistry in cloud water aqueous reactions. Adding these reactions increases the formation rate of aqueous-phase OH by a factor of 2.6 and decreases the amount of global aqueous SOA formed by 31%. None of the mechanisms discussed here is able to provide a best fit for all observations. Rather, the use of an uptake coefficient method for aerosol water and a multi-phase scheme for cloud water provides the best fit in the Northern Hemisphere and the use of multiphase process scheme for aerosol and cloud water provides the best fit in the tropics. The model with Fe chemistry underpredicts oxalate measurements in all regions. Finally, the comparison of oxygen-to-carbon (O / C) ratios estimated in the model with those estimated from measurements shows that the modeled SOA has a slightly higher O / C ratio than the observed SOA for all cases

Surgical interventions for the early management of Bell's palsy

Background: Bell's palsy is an acute paralysis of one side of the face of unknown aetiology. Bell's palsy should only be used as a diagnosis in the absence of all other pathology. As the proposed pathophysiology is swelling and entrapment of the nerve, some surgeons suggest surgical decompression of the nerve as a possible management option.Objectives: The objective of this review was to assess the effectiveness of surgery in the management of Bell's palsy and to compare this to outcomes of medical management.Search strategy: We searched the Cochrane Neuromuscular Disease Group Specialized Register (23 November 2010). We also searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (23 November in The Cochrane Library, Issue 4 2010). We adapted this strategy to search MEDLINE (January 1966 to November 2010) and EMBASE (January 1980 to November 2010).Selection criteria: We included all randomised or quasi-randomised controlled trials involving any surgical intervention for Bell's palsy.Data collection and analysis: Two review authors independently assessed whether trials identified from the search strategy were eligible for inclusion. Two review authors assessed trial quality and extracted data independently.Main results: Two trials with a total of 69 participants met the inclusion criteria. The first study considered the treatment of 403 patients but only included 44 in their surgical study. These were randomised into a surgical and non surgical group. The second study had 25 participants which they randomly allocated into surgical or control groups. The nerves of all the surgical group participants in both studies were decompressed using a retroauricular approach. The primary outcome was recovery of facial palsy at 12 months. The first study showed that both the operated and non operated groups had comparable facial nerve recovery at nine months. This study did not statistically compare the groups but the scores and size of the groups suggested that statistically significant differences are unlikely. The second study reported no statistically significant differences between their operated and control groups. One operated patient in the first study had 20 dB sensorineural hearing loss and persistent vertigo.Authors' conclusions: There is only very low quality evidence from randomised controlled trials and this is insufficient to decide whether surgical intervention is beneficial or harmful in the management of Bell's palsy. Further research into the role of surgical intervention is unlikely to be performed because spontaneous recovery occurs in most cases.</p

Photochemical production and loss rates of ozone at Sable Island, Nova Scotia during the North Atlantic Regional Experiment (NARE) 1993 summer intensive

Three weeks of summertime surface‐based chemical and meteorological observations at Sable Island, Nova Scotia during the North Atlantic Regional Experiment (NARE) 1993 summer intensive are used to study instantaneous photochemical production and loss rates of ozone by means of a numerical photochemical model. Results are most sensitive to the averaging scheme of data used to constrain the model and the ambient variability of the measurements. Model simulations driven by a time series of 5 min averaged data, most representative of the chemistry at the site, yield an average net photochemical ozone production of 3.6 ppbv/d. Estimates of net ozone production designed to filter out local sources, by using 1000–1400 LT median values of observations to drive the model and by excluding short‐lived hydrocarbons, give values ranging from 1 to 4 ppbv/d. These positive values of net ozone production within the marine boundary layer over Sable Island demonstrate the impact of polluted continental plumes on the background photochemistry of the region during the intensive. The dominant ambient variables controlling photochemical production and loss rates of ozone at the site during the measurement campaign appear to be levels of nitrogen oxides, ozone, nonmethane hydrocarbons, and solar intensity determined by cloud cover. The model partitioning of nitrogen oxides agrees for the most part with measurements, lending credence to calculated photochemical production and loss rates of ozone as well as inferred levels of peroxy radicals not measured at the site. Discrepancies, however, often occur during episodes of intermittent cloud cover, fog, and rain, suggesting the influence of cloud processes on air masses reaching the site

Development of a secondary organic aerosol formation mechanism: comparison with smog chamber experiments and atmospheric measurements

International audienceA new mechanism to simulate the formation of secondary organic aerosols (SOA) from reactive primary hydrocarbons is presented, together with comparisons with experimental smog chamber results and ambient measurements found in the literature. The SOA formation mechanism is based on an approach using calculated vapor pressures and a selection of species that can partition to the aerosol phase from a gas phase photochemical mechanism. The mechanism has been validated against smog chamber measurements using ?-pinene, xylene and toluene as SOA precursors, and has an average error of 17%. Qualitative comparisons with smog chamber measurements using isoprene were also performed. A comparison against SOA production in the TORCH 2003 experiment (atmospheric measurements) had an average error of only 12%. This contrasts with previous efforts, in which it was necessary to increase partition coefficients by a factor of 500 in order to match the observed values. Calculations for rural and urban-influenced regions in the eastern U.S. suggest that most of the SOA is biogenic in origin, mainly originated from isoprene. A 0-dimensional calculation based on the New England Air Quality Study also showed good agreement with measured SOA, with about 40% of the total SOA from anthropogenic precursors. This mechanism can be implemented in a general circulation model (GCM) to estimate global SOA formation under ambient NOx and HOx levels

Chemical transport model ozone simulations for spring 2001 over the western Pacific: Regional ozone production and its global impacts

The spatial and temporal variation in ozone production over major source regions in East Asia during the NASA Transport and Chemical Evolution over the Pacific (TRACE-P) measurement campaign in spring 2001 is assessed using a global chemical transport model. There is a strong latitudinal gradient in ozone production in springtime, driven by regional photochemistry, which rapidly diminishes as the season progresses. The great variability in meteorological conditions characteristic of East Asia in springtime leads to large daily variability in regional ozone formation, but we find that it has relatively little impact on the total global production. We note that transport processes effectively modulate and thus stabilize total ozone production through their influence over its location. However, the impact on the global ozone burden, important for assessing the effects of precursor emissions on tropospheric oxidizing capacity and climate, is sensitive to local meteorology through the effects of location on chemical lifetime. Stagnant, anticyclonic conditions conducive to substantial boundary layer ozone production typically allow little lifting of precursors into the free troposphere where greater ozone production could occur, and the consequent shorter chemical lifetime for ozone leads to relatively small impacts on global ozone. Conversely, cyclonic conditions with heavy cloud cover suppressing regional ozone production are often associated with substantial cloud convection, enhancing subsequent production in the free troposphere where chemical lifetimes are longer, and the impacts on global ozone are correspondingly greater. We find that ozone formation in the boundary layer and free troposphere outside the region of precursor emissions dominates total gross production from these sources in springtime, and that it makes a big contribution to the long range transport of ozone, which is greatest in this season