975 research outputs found
On the density of periodic configurations in strongly irreducible subshifts
Let be a residually finite group and let be a finite set. We prove
that if is a strongly irreducible subshift of finite type
containing a periodic configuration then periodic configurations are dense in
. The density of periodic configurations implies in particular that every
injective endomorphism of is surjective and that the group of automorphisms
of is residually finite. We also introduce a class of subshifts , including all strongly irreducible subshifts and all irreducible sofic
subshifts, in which periodic configurations are dense
Key stages in mammary gland development: The mammary end bud as a motile organ
In the rodent, epithelial end buds define the tips of elongating mammary ducts. These highly motile structures undergo repeated dichotomous branching as they aggressively advance through fatty stroma and, turning to avoid other ducts, they finally cease growth leaving behind the open, tree-like framework on which secretory alveoli develop during pregnancy. This review identifies the motility of end buds as a unique developmental marker that represents the successful integration of systemic and local mammotrophic influences, and covers relevant advances in ductal growth regulation, extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling, and cell adhesion in the inner end bud. An unexpected growth-promoting synergy between insulin-like growth factor-1 and progesterone, in which ducts elongate without forming new end buds, is described as well as evidence strongly supporting self-inhibition of ductal elongation by end-bud-secreted transforming growth factor-β acting on stromal targets. The influence of the matrix metalloproteinase ECM-remodeling enzymes, notably matrix metalloproteinase-2, on end bud growth is discussed in the broader context of enzymes that regulate the polysaccharide-rich glycosaminoglycan elements of the ECM. Finally, a critical, motility-enabling role for the cellular architecture of the end bud is identified and the contribution of cadherins, the netrin/neogenin system, and ErbB2 to the structure and motility of end buds is discussed
Generalized Gravi-Electromagnetism
A self consistant and manifestly covariant theory for the dynamics of four
charges (masses) (namely electric, magnetic, gravitational, Heavisidian) has
been developed in simple, compact and consistent manner. Starting with an
invariant Lagrangian density and its quaternionic representation, we have
obtained the consistent field equation for the dynamics of four charges. It has
been shown that the present reformulation reproduces the dynamics of individual
charges (masses) in the absence of other charge (masses) as well as the
generalized theory of dyons (gravito - dyons) in the absence gravito - dyons
(dyons). key words: dyons, gravito - dyons, quaternion PACS NO: 14.80H
Chalcogen Impact on Covalency within Molecular [Cu\u3csub\u3e3\u3c/sub\u3e(μ\u3csub\u3e3\u3c/sub\u3e-E)]\u3csup\u3e3+\u3c/sup\u3e Clusters (E = O, S, Se): A Synthetic, Spectroscopic, and Computational Study
Reaction of the tricopper(I)-dinitrogen tris(β-diketiminate) cyclophane, Cu3(N2)L, with O-atom-transfer reagents or elemental Se affords the oxido-bridged tricopper complex Cu3(μ3-O)L (2) or the corresponding Cu3(μ3-Se)L (4), respectively. For 2 and 4, incorporation of the bridging chalcogen donor was supported by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) data. Cu L2,3-edge X-ray absorption data quantify 49.5% Cu 3d character in the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital of 2, with Cu 3d participation decreasing to 33.0% in 4 and 40.8% in the related sulfide cluster Cu3(μ3-S)L (3). Multiedge XAS and UV/visible/near-IR spectra are employed to benchmark density functional theory calculations, which describe the copper-chalcogen interactions as highly covalent across the series of [Cu3(μ-E)]3+ clusters. This result highlights that the metal-ligand covalency is not reserved for more formally oxidized metal centers (i.e., CuIII + O2- vs CuII + O-) but rather is a significant contributor even at more typical ligand-field cases (i.e., Cu3II/II/I + E2-). This bonding is reminiscent of that observed in p-block elements rather than in early-transition-metal complexes
Regulation of mammary gland branching morphogenesis by the extracellular matrix and its remodeling enzymes.
A considerable body of research indicates that mammary gland branching morphogenesis is dependent, in part, on the extracellular matrix (ECM), ECM-receptors, such as integrins and other ECM receptors, and ECM-degrading enzymes, including matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their inhibitors, tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). There is some evidence that these ECM cues affect one or more of the following processes: cell survival, polarity, proliferation, differentiation, adhesion, and migration. Both three-dimensional culture models and genetic manipulations of the mouse mammary gland have been used to study the signaling pathways that affect these processes. However, the precise mechanisms of ECM-directed mammary morphogenesis are not well understood. Mammary morphogenesis involves epithelial 'invasion' of adipose tissue, a process akin to invasion by breast cancer cells, although the former is a highly regulated developmental process. How these morphogenic pathways are integrated in the normal gland and how they become dysregulated and subverted in the progression of breast cancer also remain largely unanswered questions
Standard decomposition of expansive ergodically supported dynamics
In this work we introduce the notion of weak quasigroups, that are quasigroup
operations defined almost everywhere on some set. Then we prove that the
topological entropy and the ergodic period of an invertible expansive
ergodically supported dynamical system with the shadowing property
establishes a sufficient criterion for the existence of quasigroup operations
defined almost everywhere outside of universally null sets and for which is
an automorphism. Furthermore, we find a decomposition of the dynamics of in
terms of -invariant weak topological subquasigroups.Comment: 18 pages, the conditions on the entropy in Theorem 3.5 was improved.
Some small changes in the text, by adding more explanation
Carbon uptake and water use in woodlands and forests in southern Australia during an extreme heat wave event in the ‘Angry Summer’ of 2012/2013
As a result of climate change warmer temperatures are projected through the 21st century and are already increasing above modelled predictions. Apart from increases in the mean, warm/hot temperature extremes are expected to become more prevalent in the future, along with an increase in the frequency of droughts. It is crucial to better understand the response of terrestrial ecosystems to such temperature extremes for predicting land-surface feedbacks in a changing climate. While land-surface feedbacks in drought conditions and during heat waves have been reported from Europe and the US, direct observations of the impact of such extremes on the carbon and water cycles in Australia have been lacking. During the 2012/2013 summer, Australia experienced a record-breaking heat wave with an exceptional spatial extent that lasted for several weeks. In this study we synthesised eddy-covariance measurements from seven woodlands and one forest site across three biogeographic regions in southern Australia. These observations were combined with model results from BIOS2 (Haverd et al., 2013a, b) to investigate the effect of the summer heat wave on the carbon and water exchange of terrestrial ecosystems which are known for their resilience toward hot and dry conditions. We found that water-limited woodland and energy-limited forest ecosystems responded differently to the heat wave. During the most intense part of the heat wave, the woodlands experienced decreased latent heat flux (23 % of background value), increased Bowen ratio (154 %) and reduced carbon uptake (60 %). At the same time the forest ecosystem showed increased latent heat flux (151 %), reduced Bowen ratio (19 %) and increased carbon uptake (112 %). Higher temperatures caused increased ecosystem respiration at all sites (up to 139 %). During daytime all ecosystems remained carbon sinks, but carbon uptake was reduced in magnitude. The number of hours during which the ecosystem acted as a carbon sink was also reduced, which switched the woodlands into a carbon source on a daily average. Precipitation occurred after the first, most intense part of the heat wave, and the subsequent cooler temperatures in the temperate woodlands led to recovery of the carbon sink, decreased the Bowen ratio (65 %) and hence increased evaporative cooling. Gross primary productivity in the woodlands recovered quickly with precipitation and cooler temperatures but respiration remained high. While the forest proved relatively resilient to this short-term heat extreme the response of the woodlands is the first direct evidence that the carbon sinks of large areas of Australia may not be sustainable in a future climate with an increased number, intensity and duration of heat waves.Eva van Gorsel, Sebastian Wolf, James Cleverly, Peter Isaac, Vanessa Haverd, Cäcilia Ewenz, Stefan Arndt, Jason Beringer, Víctor Resco de Dios, Bradley J. Evans, Anne Griebel, Lindsay B. Hutley, Trevor Keenan, Natascha Kljun, Craig Macfarlane, Wayne S. Meyer, Ian McHugh, Elise Pendall, Suzanne M. Prober and Richard Silberstei
Asymptotic bounds for the sizes of constant dimension codes and an improved lower bound
We study asymptotic lower and upper bounds for the sizes of constant
dimension codes with respect to the subspace or injection distance, which is
used in random linear network coding. In this context we review known upper
bounds and show relations between them. A slightly improved version of the
so-called linkage construction is presented which is e.g. used to construct
constant dimension codes with subspace distance , dimension of the
codewords for all field sizes , and sufficiently large dimensions of the
ambient space, that exceed the MRD bound, for codes containing a lifted MRD
code, by Etzion and Silberstein.Comment: 30 pages, 3 table
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Perennial ryegrass grown for seed (western Oregon) [2005]
Perennial ryegrass is grown for turf or forage seed on a broad range of soils in western Oregon. All perennial ryegrass varieties are similar in their nutrient requirements. Typical seed yield is between 1,400 and 1,800 lb/acre.
Higher seed yields (up to 2,500 lb/acre) may be produced on better soils, but higher yields do not require additional nutrients. Plant growth regulators often are used to increase perennial ryegrass yields, but they do not increase
the need for nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, or sulfur fertilizer.
Appropriate management practices from seedbed preparation to harvest must be performed in a timely manner for optimum yield. Low soil pH, poor drainage, insects, diseases, and weeds all reduce seed yield. Increasing fertilizer
rates when nutrients already are in adequate supply
will not compensate for other limiting factors.Revised August 2005. Replaced by EM 9086. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalo
Astrocytic Ion Dynamics: Implications for Potassium Buffering and Liquid Flow
We review modeling of astrocyte ion dynamics with a specific focus on the
implications of so-called spatial potassium buffering, where excess potassium
in the extracellular space (ECS) is transported away to prevent pathological
neural spiking. The recently introduced Kirchoff-Nernst-Planck (KNP) scheme for
modeling ion dynamics in astrocytes (and brain tissue in general) is outlined
and used to study such spatial buffering. We next describe how the ion dynamics
of astrocytes may regulate microscopic liquid flow by osmotic effects and how
such microscopic flow can be linked to whole-brain macroscopic flow. We thus
include the key elements in a putative multiscale theory with astrocytes
linking neural activity on a microscopic scale to macroscopic fluid flow.Comment: 27 pages, 7 figure
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