Diversite agro-morphologique et botanique de 357 accessions de sorgho [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] collectees en Cote D'Ivoire

RESUMEEn Côte d’Ivoire, peu de travaux portant sur l’évaluation de la diversité génétique du sorgho ont été réalisés. Le but de la présente étude a été d’estimer la variabilité agro-morphologique et botanique de 357 accessions de sorgho [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] collectées au Nord de la Côte d’Ivoire. Dans un dispositif en blocs de Fischer répété trois fois, 25 caractères agro-morphologiques dont 13 qualitatifs et 12 quantitatifs répertoriés dans le descripteur du sorgho ont été mesurés sur 30 individus par accession. L’analyse des caractères qualitatifs a révélé que la totalité de la collection était constituée de sorgho de type botanique Guinea dont 69,66 % de gambicum et 30,34 % de margaritiferum. Dix morphotypes de sorgho distincts par la forme des grains, la couleur des grains et des glumes, et une prépondérance des morphotypes à grains blancs (60,39 %) ont été observés. L’ACP a indiqué l’existence de neuf caractères expliquant 80,85 % de la variabilité totale. La CHA a révélé que cette variabilité était structurée en trois morphogroupes composés des Guinea margaritiferum à cycle semi-précoce et à faible rendement en grains, des Guinea gambicum à cycle précoce et à rendement en grains intermédiaire et des Guinea gambicum à cycle tardif et à haut rendement en grains. Neuf caractères dont le poids de mille grains en premier, au moyen du test lambda de Wilk de l’AFD, ont été décelés comme étant les caractères les plus discriminants. Les résultats de la présente étude constitue une base pour l’élaboration des programmes d’amélioration de S. bicolor en Côte d’Ivoire. ABSTRACTAGRO-MORPHOLOGICAL AND BOTANICAL DIVERSITY OF 357 SORGHUM ACCESSIONS [SORGHUM BICOLOR (L.) MOENCH] COLLECTED IN CÔTE D’IVOIREIn Côte d’Ivoire, little work on assessing the genetic diversity of sorghum has been carried out. Three thousands and fifty-seven sorghum accessions [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] collected in northern Côte d’Ivoire were subjected to agro-morphological characterization. The general objective of this study was to estimate their morphological and botanical variability. In a Fischer block device repeated three times, 25 agro-morphological characters (13 qualitative and 12 quantitative) were measured on thirty individuals per accession. Analysis of the qualitative characteristics indicated that the entire collection consisted of Guinea-grown sorghum, including 69.66 % Guinea gambicum and 30.34 % Guinea margaritiferum. Ten morphotypes distinct by grain shape, grain color and glume, with a preponderance of white-grained morphotypes (60.39%). The PCA indicated the existence of nine characters explaining 80.85% of the total variability. The CHA revealed that this variability was structured into three morphogroups composed of Guinea margaritiferum with a semi-early cycle and low grain yield, Guinea gambicum early cycle and intermediate grain yield and Guinea gambicum late cycle and high grain yield. Nine traits with thousand grain weight in first, were found to be the most discriminating, by using AFD’s Wilk lambda test. The results of this study provide a basis for the development of species improvement programs

Accretion and photodesorption of CO ice as a function of the incident angle of deposition

Non-thermal desorption of inter- and circum-stellar ice mantles on dust grains, in particular ultraviolet photon-induced desorption, has gained importance in recent years. These processes may account for the observed gas phase abundances of molecules like CO toward cold interstellar clouds. Ice mantle growth results from gas molecules impinging on the dust from all directions and incidence angles. Nevertheless, the effect of the incident angle for deposition on ice photo-desorption rate has not been studied. This work explores the impact on the accretion and photodesorption rates of the incidence angle of CO gas molecules with the cold surface during deposition of a CO ice layer. Infrared spectroscopy monitored CO ice upon deposition at different angles, ultraviolet-irradiation, and subsequent warm-up. Vacuum-ultraviolet spectroscopy and a Ni-mesh measured the emission of the ultraviolet lamp. Molecules ejected from the ice to the gas during irradiation or warm-up were characterized by a quadrupole mass spectrometer. The photodesorption rate of CO ice deposited at 11 K and different incident angles was rather stable between 0 and 45$^{\circ}$. A maximum in the CO photodesorption rate appeared around 70$^{\circ}$-incidence deposition angle. The same deposition angle leads to the maximum surface area of water ice. Although this study of the surface area could not be performed for CO ice, the similar angle dependence in the photodesorption and the ice surface area suggests that they are closely related. Further evidence for a dependence of CO ice morphology on deposition angle is provided by thermal desorption of CO ice experiments

Challenges and achievements in the utilization of the health system among adolescents in a region of Burkina Faso particularly affected by poverty

Objective: Healthcare for adolescents receives little attention in low-income countries globally despite their large population share in these settings, the importance of disease prevention at these ages for later life outcomes and adolescent health needs differing from those of other ages. We therefore examined healthcare need and use among adolescents in rural Burkina Faso to identify reasons for use and gaps in provision and uptake. Methods: We interviewed 1,644 adolescents aged 12-20 living in rural northwestern Burkina Faso in 2017. Topics included healthcare need and satisfaction with care provided. We calculated response-weighted prevalence of perceived healthcare need and utilization, then conducted multivariable regression to look at predictors of need, realized access and successful utilization based on the Andersen and Aday model. Results: 43.7 [41.2 - 46.0] % of participants perceived need for healthcare at least once in the preceding 12 months - 52.0 [48.1 - 56.0] % of females and 35.6 [32.5 - 39.0] % of males. Of those with perceived need, 92.6 [90.0 - 94.3] % were able to access care and 79.0 [75.6 - 82.0] % obtained successful utilization. Need was most strongly predicted by gender, education and urbanicity, while predictors of successful use included household wealth and female guardian’s educational attainment. Conclusion: Healthcare utilization among adolescents is low in rural Burkina Faso, but mostly thought of as sufficient with very few individuals reporting need that was not linked to care. Future objective assessment of healthcare need could help identify whether our results reflect a well-functioning system for these adolescents, or one where barriers lead to low awareness of needs or low expectations for service provision

Identification of oral clefts as a risk factor for hearing loss during newborn hearing screening

Objective: This study assessed whether children with oral clefts are appropriately classified as at-risk for hearing loss at the time of newborn hearing screening and describes their screening and diagnostic results. Design: Birth certificates were used to identify children with cleft lip and palate or isolated cleft palate born in Washington State from 2008–2013. These were cross-referenced with the state’s Early Hearing Detection, Diagnosis and Intervention (EHDDI) database. Multivariate logistic regression was used to examine associations. Results: Birth records identified 235 children with cleft lip and palate and 116 with isolated cleft palate. Six children were listed as having both diagnoses. Only 138 (39%) of these children were designated as having a craniofacial anomaly in the EHDDI database. Children who were misclassified were less likely to have referred on initial hearing screening, OR 0.3, 95% CI [0.2, 0.5]. Misclassification of risk factor status was also associated with delayed hearing screening past 30 days of age or unknown age at screening, OR 4.4, 95% CI [1.5, 13.3], p = 0.008. Of 50 children with diagnostic results; 25 (50%) had hearing loss: 18 conductive, 2 mixed, and 5 unspecified. Conclusion: A majority of children with oral clefts were misclassified regarding risk factor for hearing loss in the EHDDI database

A review of simulation and application of agent-based model approaches

In the past, various traditional methods used experiments and statistical data to examine and solve the occurred problem and social-environmental issue. However, the traditional method is not suitable for expressing or solving the complex dynamics of human environmental crisis (such as the spread of diseases, natural disaster management, social problems, etc.). Therefore, the implementation of computational modelling methods such as Agent-Based Models (ABM) has become an effective technology for solving complex problems arising from the interpretation of human behaviour such as human society, environment, and biological systems. Overall, this article will outline the ABM model properties and its applications in the criminology, flood management, and the COVID-19 pandemic fields. In addition, this article will review the limitations that occurred to be overcome in the further development of the ABM model

Frailty and physical performance in the context of extreme poverty: a population-based study of older adults in rural Burkina Faso [version 1; peer review: 2 approved]

Background: Little is known about the prevalence of frailty and about normal values for physical performance among older individuals in low-income countries, in particular those in sub-Saharan Africa. We describe the prevalence of phenotypic frailty, and values and correlates of several physical performance measures in a cohort of middle-aged and older people living in rural Burkina Faso, one of the world’s poorest communities. Methods: We analysed data collected from participants aged over 40 in Nouna district, Burkina Faso. We measured handgrip strength, four metre walk speed, chair rise time, and derived the Fried frailty score based on grip strength, gait speed, body mass index, self-reported exhaustion, and physical activity. Frailty and physical performance indicators were then correlated with health and sociodemographic variables including comorbid disease, marital status, age, sex, wealth and activity impairment. Results: Our sample included 2973 individuals (1503 women), mean age 54 years. 1207 (43%) were categorised as non-frail, 1324 (44%) as prefrail, 212 (7%) as frail, and 167 (6%) were unable to complete all five frailty score components. Lower grip strength, longer chair stand time, lower walk speed and prevalence of frailty rose with age. Frailty was more common in women than men (8% vs 6%, p=0.01) except in those aged 80 and over. Frailty was strongly associated with impairment of activities of daily living and with lower wealth, being widowed, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and self-reported diagnoses of tuberculosis or heart disease. With the exception of grip strength, which was higher in women than prior international normative values, women had greater deficits than men in physical performance. Conclusions: Phenotypic frailty and impaired physical performance were associated as expected with female sex, co-morbidities, increasing age and impaired activities of daily living. These results support the use of frailty measurements for classification of ageing related syndromes in this setting

The key parameters controlling the photodesorption yield in interstellar CO ice analogs: Influence of ice deposition temperature and thickness

The overabundance of gas molecules in the coldest regions of space point to a non-thermal desorption process. Laboratory simulations show an efficient desorption of CO ice exposed to ultraviolet radiation, known as photodesorption, which decreases for increasing ice deposition temperature. However, the understanding of this abnormal phenomenon has remained elusive. In this work we show the same phenomenon, and in particular, a dramatic drop in the photodesorption yield is observed when the deposition temperature is 19 K and higher. Also the minimum ice thickness that accounts for a constant photodesorption yield of CO ice is deposition temperature dependent, an observation reported here for the first time. We propose that the key parameters that dominate the absorbed photon energy transfer in CO ice, and contribute to the measured photodesorption yields are the energy transfer length, single ice layer contributed desorption yield, and relative effective surface area. This set of parameters should be incorporated in astrophysical models that simulate photodesorption of the top CO-rich ice layer on icy dust populations with the size distribution which is ice thickness related.Comment: 8 pages, 4 figure

Caractérisation phénotypique et génétique du riz africain (Oryza glaberrima Steud) phenotypic and genetic characterization of african rice (oryza glaberrima steud)

The agronomic interest of African rice and the morphological similarities with other species, arouse the necessity to characterize African rice for recovery and conservation. The present study aims primarily to characterize phenotypically and genetically African rice for better exploitation in aid of rice producers and consumers. Indeed, the phenotypic characteristics of the rice accessions examined have been determined in two agronomics systems (upland and irrigated) carried out about 235 accessions of African rice; and afterwards, genetic characterization using a specific marker has been carried. At the end of the analyzes, with regard to the phenotypic characters, 22 O.sativa or interspecific accessions differing morphologically on several descriptors were identified. Genetically, out of 19 profiles revealed on a 935-bp band, 14 confirmed the phenotypic results. This study shows that 221 out of 235 accessions are O. glaberrima rice. These results show that the accessions of different species analyzed were confused during the collection. They also seems to validate the possibility of hybridization between the two rice species in peasant environment. The accessions characterized strengthen the conservation effort of African rice. This collection can be used for future studies, particularly with perspective to selection and running African rice with the possibility to establish a genetic model to facilitate the transfer of useful genes from O.glaberrima to O.sativa, while controlling the reproductive barrier. Thus, it will be easy to better exploit the genetic diversity of the African species of cultivated rice