Diurnal variation of extremely low frequency electromagnetic field in an empty operating room

ABSTRACT Objective: Extremely low frequency electromagnetic field (ELF-EMF) is harmful to human body and causes various diseases like cancer. ELF-EMF is mainly produced by surgical or anesthetic equipment in operating room. However, it can be made by surrounding electricity without electric device. We measured it in an empty operating room of our hospital over two days and nights. Methodology: The intensity of ELF-EMF was measured as two-second interval for two days in an empty operating room. One day was divided to three groups; night, morning, and afternoon. Each group continued for three hours due to capacity of ELF-EMF instrument. All of electrical devices were off including lamp, computer and air conditioner. Groups were compared using one-way ANOVA. P<0.05 was considered significant. Results: Mean value of ELF-EMF during 1st and 2nd night was 1.9459 and 1.9486 respectively. It was lower than data of morning and afternoon (P<0.001). All values (100%) were above 2 mG (micro-Gauss) in daytime. In night time, most of ELF-EMF (99.9%) was below 2 mG. Conclusion: The intensity of ELF-EMF is higher in an empty daytime operating room than at night time

Supraglottic airway devices as a strategy for unassisted tracheal intubation: A network meta-analysis.

We aimed to compare the effectiveness of supraglottic airway devices as a strategy for unassisted tracheal intubation. Accordingly, we searched the OVID-MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, KoreaMed, and Google Scholar databases to identify all relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on supraglottic airway devices as a strategy for tracheal intubation published until May 2017. The primary outcome was the overall success rate of intubation by the intention to treat (ITT) strategy. The secondary outcomes of the study were the overall success rate of tracheal intubation by the per protocol (PP) strategy and the success rate of tracheal intubation at first attempt by ITT and PP. We conducted a network meta-analysis with a mixed-treatment comparison method to combine direct and indirect comparisons among supraglottic airway devices. Of 1396 identified references, 16 RCTs (2014 patients) evaluated unassisted intubation with supraglottic airway devices. Patients were grouped according to the type of device used: LMA-CTrach, LMA-Fastrach, Air-Q, i-gel, CobraPLA, Ambu-Aura, or single-use LMA devices. Based on the surface under the cumulative ranking curve, the three best supraglottic airway devices for use as a strategy for unassisted tracheal intubation were LMA-CTrach (which included video-assisted tracheal tube guidance), single-use LMA-Fastrach, and LMA-Fastrach. LMA-Fastrach showed a higher success rate of intubation than did i-gel, CobraPLA, Air-Q, and Ambu-Aura. However, this study was limited by the small number of eligible RCTs. Therefore, well-designed RCTs performed on large patient populations are required to increase the confidence of the results