ENERGY LOSS OF IONS IMPLANTED IN MOS DIELECTRIC FILMS

Energy loss measurements of ions in the low kinetic energy regime have been made on as-grown SiO2(170-190nm) targets. Singly charged Na+ ions with kinetic energies of 2-5 keV and highly charged ions Ar+Q (Q=4, 8 and 11) with a kinetic energy of 1 keV were used. Excitations produced by the ion energy loss in the oxides were captured by encapsulating the irradiated oxide under a top metallic contact. The resulting Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (MOS) devices were probed with Capacitance-Voltage (C V) measurements and extracted the flatband voltages from the C-V curves. The C-V results for singly charged ion experiments reveal that the changes in the flatband voltage and slope for implanted devices relative to the pristine devices can be used to delineate effects due to implanted ions only and ion induced damage. The data shows that the flatband voltage shifts and C-V slope changes are energy dependent. The observed changes in flatband voltage which are greater than those predicted by calculations scaled for the ion dose and implantation range (SRIM). These results, however, are consistent with a columnar recombination model, where electron-hole pairs are created due to the energy deposited by the implanted ions within the oxide. The remaining holes left after recombination losses are diffused through the oxide at the room temperature and remain present as trapped charges. Comparison of the data with the total number of the holes generated gives a fractional yield of 0.0124 which is of the same order as prior published high energy irradiation experiments. Additionally, the interface trap density, extracted from high and low frequency C-V measurements is observed to increase by one order of magnitude over our incident beam energy. These results confirm that dose- and kinetic energy -dependent effects can be recorded for singly charged ion irradiation on oxides using this method. Highly charged ion results also confirm that dose as well as and charge-dependent effects can be recorded for irradiation of oxides using this method. In particular, the results as a function of charge state indicate that there is a significant enhancement in the induced flatband voltage shift as the charge state of the beam is increased. This was quantified by measuring the flatband voltage shift across multiple ion doses for fixed incident charge states to obtain a normalized value of the shift induced per incident ion. These normalized results show an enhancement in the shift, which grows monotonically across our charge state data, from 1.14 x 10-12V/ion for Ar1+ ions to 1.12 x 10-11V/ion for Ar11+ ions. It is probable that this enhancement in the shift is due to the different potential energy for the two charge states (15 eV for Ar1+ and 2004 eV for Ar11+). For example, potential energy deposited into the oxide could produce more electron-hole pairs beyond those generated by kinetic losses such that both effects are captured in the C-V measurements of the MOS devices. If these data are interpreted as a record of the energy loss, then a near-quadratic dependence on the incident charge state emerges which is consistent with results obtained elsewhere

Transformation of Indian Agriculture through Mechanization

India accounts for only about 2.4 % of the world’s geographical area and 4 % of its water resources, but has to support about 17 % of the world’s human population and 15 % of the livestock. Agriculture is an important sector of the Indian economy, accounting for 17% of the nation’s GDP, about 11% of its exports, about half of the population still relies on agriculture as its principal source of income and it is a source of raw material for a large number of industries. Accelerating the growth of agriculture production is therefore necessary to meet the rising demand for food, but also to increase incomes of those dependent on agriculture to ensure inclusiveness. The productivity of farms depends greatly on the availability and judicious use of farm power by the farmers. Agricultural implements and machines enable the farmers to employ the power judiciously for production purposes. Agricultural machines increase productivity of land and labour by meeting timeliness of farm operations and increase work out-put per unit time. Besides its paramount contribution to the multiple cropping and diversification of agriculture, mechanization also enables efficient utilization of inputs such as seeds, fertilizers and irrigation water. Mechanization in agriculture enhances production and productivity of crops through timeliness, better management of inputs, improved quality of work and reduction of post-harvest losses. The study revealed that the domestic sale of tractor is the highest (45.41%) for the 41-50 hp range followed by 36 % for the 31-40 hp range during 2015-16. The demand of high power category tractors in India increased for using high capacity farm machines on custom hiring basis. The states of Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra together account for about 45.21% of the total tractors sale in India during 2015-16. The net area sown by a tractor was 487 ha during 1975-76 and reduced to 24 ha by 2015-16 that still lags behind the developed countries and even some of the developing countries of the world (e.g. China) in terms of the net area sown by a tractor. Farm power availability of India was 0.48 kW/ha in 1975-76 reached to 2.13 kW/ha in 2015-16, which is 4.44 times higher over a period of forty years. A positive direct correlation was found between available farm power, food grain productivity and cropping intensity for the country. With the increase in intensity of cropping, the turnaround time is drastically reduced and it is not possible to harvest and thresh the standing crop, on one hand, and prepare seed bed and do timely sowing operations of subsequent crop, on the other hand, in the limited time available, unless adequate farm power and matching implement is available

A COMPARATIVE CLINICAL STUDY OF VAMANA & VIRECHANA WITH AND WITHOUT SHILAJIT YOGA IN THE MANAGEMENT OF MADHUMEHA W.S.R. TO TYPE-2 DIABETES MELLITUS

Diabetes Mellitus, a syndrome of disordered metabolism with multifactorial aetiology is characterized by chronic hyperglycaemia subsequently leading to long-term damage, dysfunction and multiple organ failure. Owing to the importance of disseminating the awareness, first National Ayurveda Day celebrated on 28th Oct. 2016, observed the theme as ‘Ayurveda for prevention and control of Diabetes. Madhumeha concedes 2 subtypes viz., Dhatukshayaja and Margavarodhaja. ‘Samshodhanam Akurvatam’ forms one of the important aetiological factors of Madhumeha which instigated in considering Panchakarma procedures of Vamana and Virechana karma for Shodhana particularly in Margavarodhaja madhumeha and, for a comprehensive management Shilajit Yoga is considered for Shamana therapy. Material and Methods: The study involved Group A (90 days): Vamana & Virechana (30 days) + Placebo (60 days). Group B (90 days): Vamana & Virechana (30 days) + Shilajit yoga (60 days). Dosage: 1 Cap. of 1000mg. Twice daily, Before food. Results: In placebo controlled Group-A, 6 (13.63%) got Controlled results, 10 (22.72%) got Marked Improvement, 24 (54.54%) got Moderate Improvement, 4 (9%) got Mild Improvement and in 4 patients there is No Change. In case of Drug trial (Shilajit Yoga) Group-B, 24 (50%) got Controlled results, 14 (29.1%) got Marked Improvement and 10 (20.8%) got Moderate Improvement. Discussion: Vamana acts on the basic pathology of Bahudravasleshma and Bahuabadhameda. Vamana and Virechana seems to reduce the insulin resistance, and Virechana must be increasing insulin secretion also. In contrast to Group A, ‘Shilajit yoga’ intervened in Group B appears to have substantial controlling effect on the blood sugar levels with its Extra pancreatic and Immunomodulatory effects, and probably through Pancreatotrophic action. Conclusion: The final result of the study supports the role of Shilajit followed by Shodana procedures as a safe and complete substitute to allopathic medication in the patients with an excess of about 50-100mg/dl of blood glucose levels above normal levels, in FBS and PPBS values. 

Study of Postacceleration Effects in the Coulomb Dissociation of Neutron Halo Nuclei

We investgate the breakup of one-neutron halo nuclei in the Coulomb field of a target nucleus. In the post-form distorted wave Born approximation theory of this reaction, with only Coulomb distortions in the entrance and the outgoing channels, an analytic solution for the breakup $T$-matrix is known. We study this $T$-matrix and the corresponding cross-sections numerically. This formula can be related to the first order semiclassical treatment of the electromagnetic dissociation. This theory contains the electromagnetic interaction between the core and the target nucleus to all orders. We show that higher order effects (including postacceleration) are small in the case of higher beam energies and forward scattering. We investigate the beam energy dependence of the postacceleration effects. They are found to be quite important for smaller beam energies (slow collisions), but almost negligible at larger ones.Comment: 13 pages, 4 figure

Production and Interactions of Hyperons and Hypernuclei

The production of strangeness on the nucleon and hyperon and hypernuclear production in heavy ion collisions at relativistic energies and in antiproton annihilation on nuclei is discussed. The reaction process is described by transport theory with focus on $S=-2$ channels and a comparison of different model interactions. The interactions of hyperons in nuclear matter is investigated in a novel SU(3) approach. An outlook to the $S=-3$ sector and $\Omega^-$ physics is given.Comment: 11 pages, 5 figures, In print at JPS/HYP 2015 Conference Proceeding

Study to evaluate serum free testosterone and hsCRP concentration to predict low hematocrit in type 2 diabetes mellitus

Background: The primary objective of the study was to assess serum free testosterone and high sensitivity c-reactive protein concentrations and their correlation with hematocrit in patients of diabetes mellitus type 2.Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism is a common defect in type 2 diabetes, irrespective of the glycemic control, duration of disease, and the presence of complications of diabetes or obesity.It has been demonstrated that about one third of male patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 have low serum free Testosterone level.Methods: We have included 50 patients of diabetes mellitus type 2 presenting to the department of medicine SMS Hospital Jaipur. Both indoor and out door patients were selected who were free of microalbuminuria and diabetic nephropathy. Primary or secondary hypogonadism, other than diabetes mellitus and anemia of other causes were ruled out.Results: Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients with low serum free testosterone levels have significantly low hematocrit values ( n= 29) (p-value <0.001) and mild anemia compared to eugonadal men ( n= 21). Their correlation was highly significant. Patients with DM type 2 who have low serum free testosterone, also have high hs-CRP concentration. Though hematocrit values were low in patients with high hs-CRP concentration but it was not statistically significant.Conclusion: At the end of the study we concluded that both a low serum free testosterone level and high hs-CRP concentration may play an important role in the pathogenesis of mild anemia and low hematocrit values in DM type 2 patients.