178 research outputs found
ΠΠ»Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΌΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡΠ° ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡ ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΡΠ°
The aim of this work is to present the experimental results in the form of an algorithm for analyzing the modification of screen printed electrodes, including the possibility of its regeneration for irreversibly oxidizing biologically active compounds (drugs, DNA and proteins). A protocol was developed for quantitative analysis and study of the mechanism of drug-DNA interaction by differential pulse voltammetry, including the following parameters: complex binding constant, Gibbs free energy, and electrochemical coefficients of the toxic effect.Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ β ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ Π² Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ Π°Π»Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΌΠ° Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ΄Π°, Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΠΎΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ. Π Π°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ» ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° ΠΈ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°Ρ-ΠΠΠ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ- ΠΈΠΌΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΈ, Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡ: ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·ΡΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ°, ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΈΡ ΠΠΈΠ±Π±ΡΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠ°
ΠΠ·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΎΠΏΡΡ ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π°Π±ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ½Π° Ρ Π΄ΡΠΠΠ
The electroanalytical characteristics of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) and the complex of dsDNA and the antitumor drug abiraterone acetate (AA) were studied by differential pulse voltammetry. The effect of abiraterone acetate on dsDNA was shown, which was registered by alteration the intensity of electrochemical oxidation of purine heterocyclic bases guanine and adenine using screen printed electrodes modified with functionalized carbon nanotubes. The binding constants (Kb) of the [dsDNA-AA] complex for guanine and adenine were 1.63Γ104 M-1 and 1.93Γ104 M-1, respectively. The electrochemical coefficients of the toxic effect were calculated as the ratio of the intensity of the electrochemical oxidation signals of guanine and adenine, in the presence of abiraterone acetate to the intensity of the electrooxidation signals of these nucleobases Β without drug (%). At concentrations of abiraterone acetate exceeding 60 ΞΌM, a decrease in the currents of electrochemical oxidation of guanine and adenine by 50% or more is recorded. Based on the analysis of electrochemical parameters and values ββof binding constants, an assumption was made about the mechanism of interaction of abiraterone acetate with DNA, mainly due to the formation of hydrogen bonds with the minor groove. An electrochemical DNA biosensor was first used to study the mechanism of interaction of the anticancer drug abiraterone acetate with dsDNA.ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΈΠΌΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π΄Π²ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΠΠ (Π΄ΡΠΠΠ) ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ° Π΄ΡΠΠΠ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΎΠΏΡΡ
ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π°Π±ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ½Π° (ΠΠ). ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π°Π±ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ½Π° Π½Π° Π΄ΡΠΠΠ, ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠΊΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
Π³Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π°Π·ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΡΡ
ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΈ Π°Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ½Π° Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ², ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ³Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π½Π°Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΠ±ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ. ΠΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·ΡΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ (Πb) ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ° [Π΄ΡΠΠΠ-ΠΠ], Π΄Π»Ρ Π³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΈ Π°Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ½Π°, ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ 1.63Γ104 Π-1 ΠΈ 1.93Γ104 Π-1, ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ. Π Π°ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½Ρ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ° ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ³Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ² ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠΎΠΊΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΈ Π°Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ½Π°, Π²Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠΈΡ
Π² ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π² Π΄ΡΠΠΠ, Π² ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π°Π±ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ½Π° ΠΊ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ³Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ² ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠΎΠΊΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΈΡ
Π°Π·ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΡΡ
ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π±Π΅Π· Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡΠ²Π° (%). ΠΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡ
Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π°Π±ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ½Π°, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ
60 ΠΌΠΊΠ, ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ² ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠΊΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΈ Π°Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ½Π° Π½Π° 50% ΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅. ΠΠ° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠ°Π½Ρ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·ΡΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π°Π±ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ½Π° Ρ ΠΠΠ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΈΠΌΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Π·Π° ΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π΅ΠΉ Ρ ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΎΠΉ Π±ΠΎΡΠΎΠ·Π΄ΠΊΠΎΠΉ. ΠΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΠΠ-Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΡ Π±ΡΠ» Π²ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΎΠΏΡΡ
ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π°Π±ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ½Π° Ρ Π΄ΡΠΠΠ
ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ²
Modern methods of analysis of drugs for their quantitative assessment are considered. Particular attention is paid to the electrochemical methods of drug registration, based on the reaction of electrooxidation of molecules. Systems and materials for modifying electrodes are described, as well as methods for producing modified electrodes for electrochemical reactions on the surface of electrodes. The authors present data on the electroanalysis of acetaminophen, diclofenac, ibuprofen, omeprazole, using electrodes modified with carbon nanomaterials based on carbon nanotubes and graphene. It was shown that electroanalytical methods allow the registration of therapeutic drugs in a wide range of detectable concentrations (0.1 ΞΌΠ - 10 mM), which can be used to work with biological fluids (plasma, blood, urine), to conduct drug monitoring and study drug-drug interactions.Π Π°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ². ΠΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΅ Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΌ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ², ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠΎΠΊΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ». ΠΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ², Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ². ΠΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Ρ Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π°, Π΄ΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π°ΠΊΠ°, ΠΈΠ±ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π°, ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΠΏΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ»Π° Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ², ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ³Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π½Π°Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Π°ΠΌΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΡΠ³Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
Π½Π°Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΠ±ΠΎΠΊ ΠΈ Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½Π°. ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠ΅Π²ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡ Π² ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΏΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ½Π΅ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉ (0.1 ΠΌΠΊΠ β 10 ΠΌΠ). ΠΠ½ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ Ρ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΆΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡΠΌΠΈ (ΠΏΠ»Π°Π·ΠΌΠ°, ΠΊΡΠΎΠ²Ρ, ΠΌΠΎΡΠ°), Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ½Π³Π° ΠΈ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ»Π΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΉ
ΠΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡ ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ² ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΡ ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ² P450
The review deals with the electrochemical methods for determination of metabolites of cytochromes P450 catalyzed reactions. We have focused on the electrochemical determination of metabolites of drugs and some endogenous compounds. We have reviewed bielectrode systems for determination of cytochrome P450 activity, where one electrode serves as a matrix for enzyme immobilization and a source of electrons for heme iron ion reduction and initialization of the catalytic reaction towards a substrate and the second one is being used for quantification of the products formed by their electrochemical oxidation. Such systems allow one to elude additional steps of separation of reaction substrates and products. The review also includes discussion of the ways to increase the analytical sensitivity and decrease the limit of detection of the investigated metabolites by chemical modification of electrodes. We demonstrate the possibilities of these systems for cytochrome P450 kinetics analysis and the perspectives of their further improvement, such as increasing the sensitivity of metabolite electrochemical determination by modern electrode modificators, including carbon-based, and construction of devices for automatic monitoring of the products.Π ΠΎΠ±Π·ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ, ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡ
ΡΠΈΡΠΎΡ
ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΠΌΠΈ P450. ΠΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°Π½ Π½Π° ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ² Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
ΡΠ½Π΄ΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ. Π Π°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π±ΠΈΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΡ
ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ² P450, Π² ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ΄ Π²ΡΡΡΡΠΏΠ°Π΅Ρ Π² ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΈΠΌΠΌΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡΠ° ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² Π΄Π»Ρ Π²ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π° ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π΅Π·Π° Π³Π΅ΠΌΠ° ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊ ΡΡΠ±ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΡ, Π° Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ β Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠΊΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π² ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π°Π»Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ·Π±Π΅ΠΆΠ°ΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ±ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ. Π ΠΎΠ±Π·ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π° ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ² Π·Π° ΡΡΠ΅Ρ Ρ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ². ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π΄Π»Ρ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° ΠΊΠΈΠ½Π΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ, ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡ
ΡΠΈΡΠΎΡ
ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΠΌΠΈ P450, ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Ρ ΠΈΡ
Π΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ, ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ² Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ² Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ², Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΡΠ³Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π°, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ², ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
Π² Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠΌΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ²
ΠΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ° ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡ ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π΄Π»Ρ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° Π±ΠΈΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ²: ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Π²ΡΠ±ΠΎΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π² ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠΌΠ΅ Β«ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡ-ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Β»
The electrochemical method of analysis of biological objects based on the reaction of electro-oxidation/electro-reduction of molecules is considered. Materials and complex systems for modifying electrodes as well as methods for producing modified electrodes to increase the sensitivity of recording the flow of electrochemical reactions on the surface of the electrodes are described. Methods of electrode modifications based on synthetic lipid-like didodecyldimethylammonium bromide, gold and silver nanoparticles, one-dimensional nanoparticles based on lead compounds, titan oxide nanoparticles, dispersions of carbon nanotubes in organic solvents, in polymers with different chemical structure are considered. It is shown that the appropriate functionalization of the working electrode surface makes it possible to increase the sensitivity of the electrochemical biosensor system and decrease the limit of detection. The results are presented in the form of an algorithm applicable for selection the beneficial type of modified electrode for the corresponding electrochemical reaction and biosample analysis.Π Π°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠΎΠΊΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ/ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ». ΠΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½Ρ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Ρ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ±ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ², Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ². ΠΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ², ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ Π»ΠΈΠΏΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π΄ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΈΠ»Π΄ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ»Π°ΠΌΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡ Π±ΡΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ, Π½Π°Π½ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π·ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π±ΡΠ°, ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π½Π°Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ°, Π½Π°Π½ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ΄Π° ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π°, Π΄ΠΈΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ³Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
Π½Π°Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΠ±ΠΎΠΊ Π² ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡ
, Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Ρ
ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π» ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉ. Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ Π² Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ Π°Π»Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΌΠ°, ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡΡ Π²ΡΠ±ΠΎΡ ΡΠΈΠΏΠ° ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ΄Π° Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° Π±ΠΈΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ»Ρ
ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ»
This paper focuses on experimental data of electroanalysis of enzymes, proteins, peptides, DNA, and medicinal preparations, obtained by authors. Methods for enzyme electrodes preparation, methods for kinetic parameters calculations based on analysis of electrochemical data. Results are described as algorithm for efficient electrochemical reaction of biomolecules.Π Π°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ», ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ, Π±Π΅Π»ΠΊΠΈ, ΠΏΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΄Ρ, ΠΠΠ, Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡ. ΠΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ², ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡΠ° ΠΊΠΈΠ½Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
. Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ Π² Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ Π°Π»Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΌΠ°, ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡΡ Π²ΡΠ±ΠΎΡ ΡΠΈΠΏΠ° ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ΄Π° Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ
Circuits Design and Nano-Structured Electrodes for Drugs Monitoring in Personalized Therapy
Drug development and personalized therapy require accurate and frequent monitoring of the metabolic response by living tissues to treatments. In case of high risk side effects, e.g. therapies with interfering anti-cancer molecule cocktails, direct monitoring of the patientβs drugs metabolism is essential as the metabolic pathways efficacy is highly variable on a patient-by-patient basis. Currently, there are no fully mature point-of-care bio-sensing systems for drugs metabolism monitoring directly in blood. The aim of the paper is to investigate solutions to develop point-of-care systems for drugs monitoring in personalized therapy. P450 enzymes are the considered probe molecules as they are key proteins directly involved in drugs metabolism of humans. Sensitivity improvement is ensured by means of enzyme integration onto electrodes structured with carbon nanotubes. Component Off-The-Shelf (COTS) based circuits design is investigated toward bio-chip development. Results show that the proposed circuitry is suitable for the aim and confirm that nanotubes are detection enhancers
Nano-Bio-Technology and Sensing Chips: New Systems for Detection in Personalized Therapies and Cell Biology
Further advances in molecular medicine and cell biology also require new electrochemical systems to detect disease biomarkers and therapeutic compounds. Microelectronic technology offers powerful circuits and systems to develop innovative and miniaturized biochips for sensing at the molecular level. However, microelectronic biochips proposed in the literature often do not show the right specificity, sensitivity, and reliability required by biomedical applications. Nanotechnology offers new materials and solutions to improve the surface properties of sensing probes. The aim of the present paper is to review the most recent progress in Nano-Bio-Technology in the area of the development of new electrochemical systems for molecular detection in personalized therapy and cell culture monitoring
Quantum Dots and Wires to improve Enzymes-Based Electrochemical Bio- sensing
An investigation on nano-structured electrodes to detect different metabolites is proposed in this paper. Three different metabolites are considered: glucose, lactate, and cholesterol. The direct detection of hydrogen peroxide is also considered since it does not involve any enzyme. The metabolites and the peroxide were detected by using screen-printed electrodes modified by using multi-walled carbon nanotubes. In all cases, improvements of orders of magnitude were registered both on detection sensitivity and on detection limit. A close comparison with data recently published in literature has shown the existence of an inverse linear correlation between detection sensitivity and detection limit when sensor performances improve due to nano- structured materials. This inverse linear relationship seems to be a general law as it is here demonstrated for all the considered detections on glucose, lactate, cholesterol, and hydrogen peroxide
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