Quantity Flexibility Contract Model for Emergency Procurement Considering Supply Disruption

Supply chain disruption risk usually poses a serious challenge to the management of emergency supplies procurement between the government and enterprises in cooperation. To research the impact of supply chain disruption on the supply and demand sides of emergency supplies for disaster relief, the emergency procurement model based on quantity flexibility contract is constructed. The model introduces a stockout disruption to measure the degree of supply chain disruption and uses per unit of material relief value to quantify government disaster relief benefits. Further, it analyzes the basic pricing strategy and the agreed order quantity between the government and enterprises, focusing on the negative impact of supply disruption on the government and enterprises. The model deduction and data analysis results show that supply disruption creates a “lose-lose” situation for governments and enterprises, reducing their benefits and willingness to cooperate. Finally, a sensitivity analysis is conducted on the case data to explain the decision-making changes in the contract price and flexibility parameters between the government and enterprises before and after the supply disruption

The Influence of Distinct Seasons on the Succession and Diversity of Bacteria on the Anticorrosive Coatings Surfaces in a Marine Environment

Epoxy resin has been frequently used as a coating paint for anticorrosion protection because of its excellent chemical properties. However, the long-term succession of bacteria colonizing coatings surfaces in the different seasons of the year remains uncharacterized. In this work, amplicon-based 16s rDNA sequencing was used to characterize the tempol change of bacterial communities growing on the epoxy resin surfaces. The results showed that bacterial diversity indices on spring and autumn immersion samples were higher than that of the samples immersed on summer and winter samples. Proteobacteria was found to be the dominant bacteria of all different seasons and accounted for 57.9% of the total sequence. Gammaproteobacteria and Alphaproteobacteria were the dominant classes in all of the samples, whereas the most abundance bacteria at the genus level had the significant differences with a change of season. Firmicutes also displayed a distinct temporal change pattern in that it was the second abundance in the summer and autumn samples, but had a marked decrease in the other season samples. These results demonstrated that bacterial community composition underwent obvious changes over the distinct seasons of a year. This study will be helpful for the seasonal change of bacterial diversity and development of corrosion-resistant paints

The Influence of Distinct Seasons on the Succession and Diversity of Bacteria on the Anticorrosive Coatings Surfaces in a Marine Environment

Epoxy resin has been frequently used as a coating paint for anticorrosion protection because of its excellent chemical properties. However, the long-term succession of bacteria colonizing coatings surfaces in the different seasons of the year remains uncharacterized. In this work, amplicon-based 16s rDNA sequencing was used to characterize the tempol change of bacterial communities growing on the epoxy resin surfaces. The results showed that bacterial diversity indices on spring and autumn immersion samples were higher than that of the samples immersed on summer and winter samples. Proteobacteria was found to be the dominant bacteria of all different seasons and accounted for 57.9% of the total sequence. Gammaproteobacteria and Alphaproteobacteria were the dominant classes in all of the samples, whereas the most abundance bacteria at the genus level had the significant differences with a change of season. Firmicutes also displayed a distinct temporal change pattern in that it was the second abundance in the summer and autumn samples, but had a marked decrease in the other season samples. These results demonstrated that bacterial community composition underwent obvious changes over the distinct seasons of a year. This study will be helpful for the seasonal change of bacterial diversity and development of corrosion-resistant paints

基于植物功能-结构模型的玉米-大豆条带间作光截获行间差异研究

Intercropping creates a heterogeneous canopy and triggers plastic responses in plant growth and structural development. In order to quantify the effect of planting pattern, strip width and row position on the structural development and light capture of maize and soybean in simultaneous intercropping, both experimental and modelling approaches were used. Field experiments were conducted in 2017－2018 with two sole crops (maize and soybean) and two intercrops: Two rows of maize alternating with two rows of soybeans (2:2 MS) and three rows of maize alternating with six rows of soybean (3:6 MS). The morphological traits of maize and soybean e.g., leaf length and width, internode length and diameter, leaf and petiole declination angle in different rows and different planting patterns, and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) above and below the canopy of 2:2 MS were measured throughout the growing season. A functional-structural plant model of maize-soybean intercropping was developed in the GroIMP platform. The model was parameterized based on the morphological data set of 2017, and was validated with the leaf area index (LAI), plant height and PAR data set of 2018. The model simulated the morphological development of individual organs based on growing degree days (thermal time) and calculated the light capture at leaf level. The model well reproduced the observed dynamics of leaf area index and plant height (RMSE: 0.24－0.70 m2/m2 for LAI and 0.06－0.17 m for plant height), and the fraction of light capture in the 2:2 MS intercropping (RMSE: 0.06－0.10). Maize internode diameter in intercrops increased, but the internode length did not change. Soybean internodes in intercrops became longer and thinner compared to sole soybean probably caused by the shading imposed by maize, and the 2:2 MS had longer internodes than the 3:6 MS, indicating the effects of strip width. Simulated light capture of maize in 2:2 MS intercropping was 35.6% higher than sole maize. For maize in 3:6 MS intercropping, the light capture of the border rows and inner row were 27.8% and 20.3% higher than sole maize, respectively. Compared to sole soybean, the simulated light capture of soybean in border rows was 36.0% lower in 2:2 MS intercropping, and was 28.8% lower in 3:6 MS intercropping. For 3:6 MS intercropping, light capture of soybean in inner rows I and inner rows II were 4.1% and 1.8% lower than sole soybean, respectively. In the future, the model could be further developed and used to explore and optimize the planting patterns of maize soybean intercropping under different environmental conditions using light capture as an indicator

Plant architectural responses in simultaneous maize/soybean strip intercropping do not lead to a yield advantage

Maize/soybean strip intercropping is a commonly used system throughout China with high crop yields at reduced nutrient input compared to sole maize. Maize is the taller crop, and due to its dominance in light capture over soybean in the intercrop, maize is expected to outperform maize in sole cropping. Conversely, soybean is the subordinate crop and intercropped soybean plants are expected to perform worse than sole soybean. Crop plants show plastic responses in plant architecture to their growing conditions to forage for light and avoid shading. There is little knowledge on plant architectural responses to growing conditions in simultaneous (non-relay) intercropping and their relationship to species yields. A two-year field experiment with two simultaneous maize/soybean intercropping systems with narrow and wide strips was conducted to characterise architectural traits of maize and soybean plants grown as intercrop and sole crops. Intercropped maize plants, especially those in border rows, had substantially greater leaf area, biomass and yield than maize plants in sole crops. Intercropped soybean plants, especially those in border rows, had lower leaf area, biomass and yield than sole soybean plants. Overall intercrop performance was similar to that of sole crops, with the land equivalent ratio (LER) being only slightly greater than one (1.03–1.08). Soybean displayed typical shade avoidance responses in the intercrop, such as greater internode elongation and changes in specific leaf area, but these responses could not overcome the consequences of the competition with the taller maize plants. Therefore, in contrast to relay intercrop systems, in the studied simultaneous maize/soybean system, plastic responses did not contribute to practically relevant increases in resource capture and yield at whole system (i.e., intercrop) level.</p

Cytoplasmic Tyrosine Phosphatase Shp2 Coordinates Hepatic Regulation of Bile Acid and FGF15/19 Signaling to Repress Bile Acid Synthesis

Bile acid (BA) biosynthesis is tightly controlled by intrahepatic negative feedback signaling elicited by BA binding to farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and also by enterohepatic communication involving ileal BA reabsorption and FGF15/19 secretion. However, how these pathways are coordinated is poorly understood. We show here that nonreceptor tyrosine phosphatase Shp2 is a critical player that couples and regulates the intrahepatic and enterohepatic signals for repression of BA synthesis. Ablating Shp2 in hepatocytes suppressed signal relay from FGFR4, receptor for FGF15/19, and attenuated BA activation of FXR signaling, resulting in elevation of systemic BA levels and chronic hepatobiliary disorders in mice. Acting immediately downstream of FGFR4, Shp2 associates with FRS2α and promotes the receptor activation and signal relay to several pathways. These results elucidate a molecular mechanism for the control of BA homeostasis by Shp2 through the orchestration of multiple signals in hepatocytes