Inhaled Insulin: Intrapulmonary or Intranasal?

Initial attempts delivered the insulin hormone intramuscularly, intravenously, and eventually subcutaneously. Other routes of administration of the drug were explored. These included oral, rectal, sublingual, buccal, transdermal, vaginal, intramuscular, intrapulmonary, and intranasal delivery systems. The purpose of these latter studies was to determine a noninjectable method to deliver insulin to patients with type 1 and 2 diabetes that would effectively lower blood sugar, control hemoglobin A1c (in much later studies), and allow patients a simpler, less invasive, and more direct control oftheir underlying disease process.  In January 2006 the United States Food and Drug Administration approved Exubera (Pfizer Pharmaceuticals, New York, NY) as the first pulmonary inhaled insulin. In actuality attempts to explore various methods to deliver insulin using intrapulmonary delivery had occurred since1925. &#xb

Physical realization of realignment criteria using structural physical approximation

Entanglement detection is an important problem in quantum information theory because quantum entanglement is a key resource in quantum information processing. Realignment criteria is a powerful tool for detection of entangled states in bipartite and multipartite quantum system. It is an important criteria for entanglement detection because it works well; not only for negative partial transpose entangled states (NPTES) but also for positive partial transpose entangled states (PPTES). Since the matrix corresponding to realignment map is indefinite so the experimental implementation of the map is an obscure task. In this work, firstly, we have approximated the realignment map to a positive map using the method of structural physical approximation (SPA) and then we have shown that the structural physical approximation of realignment map (SPA-R) is completely positive. Positivity of the constructed map is characterized using moments which can be physically measured. Next, we develop a separability criterion based on our SPA-R map in the form of an inequality and have shown that the developed criterion not only detect NPTES but also PPTES. We have provided some examples to support the results obtained. Moreover, we have analysed the error that may occur because of approximating the realignment map.Comment: 13 pages, 7 figures, 1 table, Appendix, Accepted in Physical Review

Effect of Vasaguduchyadi Kashaya in improving oxygen saturation in Covid patient - A Case Report

A pandemic of covid-19 caused by a mutant strain of corona virus i.e., SARS-coV-2 that has a capability to trigger respiratory tract infection has threatened the life of people all over the world. There is no proven medicine which can kill the virus and cure the disease. The Covid-19 virus spreads primarily through droplets of saliva or discharge from the nose when an infected person coughs or sneezes. The most common symptoms of Covid-19 are Fever, cough, fatigue, loss of taste, sore throat and smell sensation. Other symptoms which are less common are nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, chills and dizziness. In Ayurveda, Acharya Charaka has explained the concept of epidemic diseases in the chapter Janapadodhwamsa of Vimana Sthana. There he has explained about the factors like Dooshita Vayu, Jala, Desha and Kaala in causing illness. If we see the Laxanas of covid19, they resemble like the Lakshanas of Pratishyaya where Acharya Sushruta has mentioned the Laxanas of Pratishyaya as Shirogurutva, Kshavatu, Angamarda and in Upadrava he mentioned Jwara and Arochaka Amrutarista which is mentioned in Jwara Rogadhikara in Bhaishajya Ratnavali is used in this case along with Vasaguduchyadi Kashaya which contains Vasa, Guduchi, Triphala, Vibhitaki, Katvi, Bhunimba, Nimba are helpful in reducing viral load and acts as Kaasa Shwasa Hara

Análise competitiva de páginas web varejistas através do marketing em motores de busca

Introduction: The present research was carried out at Kalindi College, University of Delhi in 2017. Internet technology has transformed the world into a global village. Due to improved internet/ mobile connectivity and substantial increase in data use, any new or existing products can reach the customer easily through digital marketing. Currently, retail marketing websites attract more than half of internet users. It is not only important to create a content rich product catalogue for the retail website, but also to ensure that the website is at the top of the Search Engine Result Pages (serps) of the Google Search Engine. Methods: The various technical aspects of Search Engine Marketing (sem) of the retail website can be improved substantially by carrying out a comprehensive competitive analysis of existing retail websites. Results: The authors compared and analyzed the apparel category in three competitive retail websites using free Search Engine Optimization (seo) tools. Conclusions: The seo tool can be utilized for increasing website visibility and subsequently, sales revenue. This paper focuses on the link between sem strategy and seo technique for organic and paid search. It also discusses impacts of positive and negative ranking of websites and how such ranking can be improved adopting seo-friendly practices.  Introducción: la presente investigación se llevó a cabo en Kalindi College, Universidad de Delhi en 2017. Internet ha transformado el mundo en una aldea global. Debido a la mejoría en conectividad móvil y el aumento sustancial del uso de datos, cualquier producto nuevo o existente puede llegar al cliente con facilidad a través del marketing digital. Actualmente, los sitios web de marketing minorista atraen a más de la mitad de los usuarios de Internet. Para el sitio web minorista no solo es importante crear un catálogo de productos rico en contenido, sino también garantizar que el sitio web aparezca en la parte superior de las páginas de resultados de búsquedas (serps) del motor de búsqueda de Google. Métodos: varios aspectos técnicos del Search Engine Marketing (sem o marketing de motores de búsqueda) del sitio web minorista se pueden mejorar sustancialmente mediante un análisis competitivo y comprensivo de los sitios web minoristas existentes. Resultados: los autores compararon y analizaron la categoría de indumentaria en tres sitios web minoristas competitivos utilizando herramientas gratuitas del Search Engine Optimization (seo, optimización de motores de búsqueda). Conclusiones: se puede emplear la herramienta seo para aumentar la visibilidad del sitio web y consecuentemente, los ingresos por ventas. Este trabajo se centra en el vínculo entre la estrategia sem y la técnica seo para investigaciones orgánicas y pagadas. También analiza los impactos de la clasificación positiva o negativa de los sitios web y cómo mejorar dicha clasificación adoptando prácticas favorables seo.  Introdução: esta pesquisa foi levada a cabo na Kalindi College, da Universidade de Deli, em 2017. A internet transformou o mundo em uma aldeia global. Devido à melhor conectividade móvel e ao aumento substancial do uso de dados, qualquer produto novo ou existente pode chegar facilmente ao cliente através do marketing digital. Atualmente, as páginas web de marketing varejista atraem a mais da metade dos usuários de internet. Para a página web varejista não só é importante criar um catálogo de produtos farto em conteúdo, mas também garantir que a página web apareça na parte superior das páginas de resultados (serps) do motor de busca do Google.Métodos: vários aspectos técnicos do Search Engine Marketing (sem) da página web varejista podem ser melhorados, substancialmente, através de uma análise competitiva e compreensiva das páginas web varejistas existentes. Resultados: os autores compararam e analisaram a categoria de indumentária, em três páginas web varejistas competitivas, utilizando ferramentas gratuitas de Search Engine Optimization (seo).Conclusões: a ferramenta seo pode ser utilizada para aumentar a visibilidade da página web e, consequentemente, os ingressos por vendas. Este trabalho está centrado no vínculo entre a estratégia sem e a técnica seo para pesquisas orgânicas e pagas. Também analisa os impactos da classificação positiva ou negativa das páginas web e como melhorar essa classificação com a adoção de práticas favoráveis de seo.Originalidade: na competitiva indústria varejista atual, comercializar uma página web que está apenas começando. Esta pesquisa proporciona ideias aos proprietários de páginas web sobre como criar, lançar e manter a página web com práticas amigáveis de seo que possam garantir o tráfego e os ingressos. Limitações: os resultados da pesquisa podem ser implantados, de forma prática, em páginas web de companhias iniciantes no ramo de venda varejista

Scrub typhus in children: Clinical profile and complications at a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital in Uttarakhand

Background: Scrub typhus is an acute febrile illness caused by rickettsia Orientia tsutsugamushi. Rickettsial infections are grossly underdiagnosed in India because of their non-specific clinical presentation, low index of suspicion among clinicians, and lack of diagnostic facilities. Objective: Objective of the study is to study the clinical profile, complications, and outcome of pediatric scrub typhus. Materials and Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted in the Department of Pediatrics, SGRR Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India, over a period of 2 years from November 2013 to October 2015. Children up to 18 years of age with signs and symptoms compatible with scrub typhus along with serological confirmation were included in the study. Serological study was conducted using rapid immunochromatographic assay and/or immunoglobulin M enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique. Clinical presentation, laboratory findings, complications, and outcome of these children were recorded on a performa. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 20 for windows. Results: About 115 children were diagnosed as scrub typhus during the study period. All children presented with fever. Other common symptoms were myalgia (56%), vomiting (50.5%), abdominal pain (26%), headache (28%), facial puffiness (15%), and seizures (8.7%). Pallor was present in 48% of children. Other common signs were hepatomegaly (29%), splenomegaly (28%), hypotension (24%), edema (21%), oliguria (17%), maculopapular rash (10%), meningeal signs (10.4%), and conjunctivitis (3%). Thrombocytopenia (67%), anemia (51%), pleural effusion (23%), shock (16%), hepatitis (23%), acute kidney injury (17%), meningoencephalitis (10%), myocarditis (7%), and acute respiratory distress syndrome (7%) were the complications observed. Azithromycin, doxycycline or chloramphenicol were used for the treatment. Overall mortality rate was 12.2%. Conclusion: A high degree of suspicion and knowledge of geographicaldistribution of rickettsial diseases is crucial for its early diagnosis and favorable outcome. The presence of an eschar is a valuable clinical clue in the diagnosis of scrub typhus; however, its absence does not rule out the disease

The use of ATC/DDD WHO 2016 and Prescription audit study in the Dermatology OPD of a tertiary care hospital in Jharkhand

Background: To study the prescribing patterns, rationale of drug usage and use of anatomical, therapeutic, chemical (ATC) and defined daily dosage (DDD) classification for the monitoring of drug utilization in the dermatology department of a tertiary care hospital.Methods: A retrospective, observational study was conducted in out-patients department of dermatology at RIMS, Ranchi over a period of two months. Rationale of drug usage was assessed by analysing the prescriptions. Defined daily dosage/1000 patients/day of the commonly used medications was compared to the defined daily dosage by World Health Organization in 2016. Data was analysed by statistical tools. Most of the results were expressed in percentages.Results: The prescriptions were rational in most of the cases. Emphasis was more towards the branded drugs. Polypharmacy was evident in many of the prescriptions. The number of DDD/1000 patients/day in cases of antifungals was more than the WHO DDD and less than the WHO DDD in case of antihistaminics.Conclusions: The number of drugs per prescription must be rationalized so as to avoid polypharmacy. The drugs should be prescribed by their generic names also along with the brand names. Generic medicines should be available in the hospital pharmacy so that a more cost-effective treatment can be assured. CMEs and stewardship programs for health care professionals regarding rational drug usage should be organized.

Transmittance behaviour of curtain fabrics under natural lighting conditions

The light transmittance behaviour of four different coloured curtain fabrics has been studied under natural lightingconditions (morning, afternoon and evening). The intensity of incident sunlight and transmitted light from the samples aremeasured using Luxmeter, in an enclosed black chamber. The percentage of transmitted light is calculated with reference tothe incident sunlight, to study the influence of colour and number of fabric layers. It is observed that the transmittancebehaviour of curtain fabrics is highly influenced by its colour due to the spectrum of colours, which is followed by theinfluence of number of layers and sunlight conditions. Further, the transmittance % of curtain is also influenced by thewavelength of incident sunlight

Influence of pre-harvest climatic variables and natural storage durationon seed physico-chemical profile in diverse maturity groups ofrice (Oryza sativa) varieties

Seed storage is a critical concern for farmers and seed banks, as it can significantly impact the quality of seeds over time. Present study was carried out during rainy (kharif) season of 2020–21 at ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi to understand the physiological and biochemical factors determining seed vigour traits in relation to maturity and storage periods in rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties. In the freshly harvested seeds, early and mid-maturity group varieties exhibited higher germination percentage and seed vigour indices compared to late and very late maturity varieties. However, with increasing storage duration, germination percentage and vigour gradually decreased in the early and mid-maturity groups, while late and very late groups showed an increase up to 8 months of storage, followed by a decline after 12 months. Catalase activity (CAT) and Super oxide dismutase activity (SOD) remained stable across maturity groups and storage periods, while peroxidase activity (POD) varied significantly in fresh seeds but not during storage. Hydrogen peroxide activity (H2O2) and α-amylase content exhibited variations among maturity groups and storage periods. The study emphasizes the crucial role of maturity group selection in seeds, both for immediate sowing and long-term storage

Conservation of the night soil composting and the importance of organic farming in high altitude regions : A review

132-139Human civilization took an advanced step with the advent of agriculture. For long agricultural operations were dependent on natural inputs, but with the onset of Industrial Revolution chemical fertilizers were developed to fulfil the demands of rapidly growing human population. The chemical inputs that dramatically increased the agricultural yield, however, brought along some detrimental side effects that harm both the environment and the farmer. Consequently, there's a gradual reversal towards using natural inputs in the form of organic farming. The high altitude regions of Himachal Pradesh viz. Lahaul-Spiti had been practicing organic farming using traditional night soil compost. However, due to modernization and easy availability of subsidized chemical fertilizers, this practice is facing steady decline. Usage of chemical inputs puts the already fragile environment of the region at risk of pollution. Thus, to save the region from pollution via chemicals and preserve the traditional practice of Night Soil Composting, we are trying to improve the hygiene of the winter dry toilet. Accelerated degradation leading to minimizing the foul odor to negligible level have been obtained with implementation of microbial intervention for rapid decomposition using cold tolerant bacteria with efficient hydrolytic enzymatic activity

Conservation of the night soil composting and the importance of organic farming in high altitude regions : A review

Human civilization took an advanced step with the advent of agriculture. For long agricultural operations were dependent on natural inputs, but with the onset of Industrial Revolution chemical fertilizers were developed to fulfil the demands of rapidly growing human population. The chemical inputs that dramatically increased the agricultural yield, however, brought along some detrimental side effects that harm both the environment and the farmer. Consequently, there's a gradual reversal towards using natural inputs in the form of organic farming. The high altitude regions of Himachal Pradesh viz. Lahaul-Spiti had been practicing organic farming using traditional night soil compost. However, due to modernization and easy availability of subsidized chemical fertilizers, this practice is facing steady decline. Usage of chemical inputs puts the already fragile environment of the region at risk of pollution. Thus, to save the region from pollution via chemicals and preserve the traditional practice of Night Soil Composting, we are trying to improve the hygiene of the winter dry toilet. Accelerated degradation leading to minimizing the foul odor to negligible level have been obtained with implementation of microbial intervention for rapid decomposition using cold tolerant bacteria with efficient hydrolytic enzymatic activit