Learn from history : Lessons from early modern Japanese physics experiment textbooks

The aim of our study is to explore the early history of the education of physics experiments in the Meiji era of Japan (1868 - 1912). In this paper, we examine three Japanese physics experiment textbooks which were published during 1880s. One characteristic feature is that the most of the experiments could be performed using simple handmade apparatuses. We consider what can be learned from the ingenuity of physics education pioneers of the late 19th century

コクリツ タイワン ダイガク イガクイン ノ セイリツ ト ソシキ ノ ケイショウタイホク テイコク ダイガク イガクブ カラノ レンゾクセイ オ サグル トクシュウ アジア ショコク ノ キョウイク カコ ト ゲンザイ

The　Faculty　of　Medicine　of　Taihoku　Imperial　Univeristy（FMTIU） became　the　College　of　Medicine　of　National　Taiwan　University （CMNTU）in　1945　following　Japan’s　withdrawal　from　Taiwan．　The transition　entailed　appointment　of　Taiwanese　medical　staff　from FMTIU　to　the　similar　teaching　positions　at　CMNTU．　This　employment 　continuity　created　a　long－lasting　perception　that　National Taiwan　University　and　Taihoku　Imperial　University　were　one　and　the Same　lnStltUt10n． 　The　author　of　this　article　investigates　the　process　of　how　CMNTU was　re－organized，　in　order　to　present　a　more　accurate　historical account　of　the　related　events　than　the　research　to　date

The Modern Elementary School of Japan and Entrance into Secondary School : Based on a Case Study of Change in a Municipal Elementary School in the City of Tokyo Well-known for Good Results in the Entrance Examinations to Secondary Schools

From the middle of the Taisho period to the prewar days of the Showa period (from the 1920\u27s to the 1930\u27s), there were some big-name municipal elementary schools in the City of Tokyo which carried out thoroughgoing preparatory education for the entrance examination to secondary school and which were very well-known for their good results in those examinations. Many children commuted from all over the City of Tokyo, that is, from outside of the official school zone of those schools, to attend their classes. Taking the case of Seishi Elementary School, we found the process of becoming such a big-name school was as follows. The first stage of the process was that the children who lived in one neighborhood which was located around the elementary school in its official school zone gradually raised the overall ratio of pupils who went on to secondary school. This happened at Seishi during the period from about 1887 to 1908 because of the children from families of intellectuals in nearby Komagome-Nishikata Machi, which was nicknamed Scholars\u27 Town. In 1908,with the extension of compulsory education from 4 years to 6 years, the existing seventh and eighth grades in almost all municipal elementary schools were abolished by the City of Tokyo. That action induced Seishi Elementary School to start special programs of preparatory education for the entrance examinations to secondary schools because if pupils could not pass the entrance examinations in the sixth grade they would have to leave school under the new system. As Seishi Elementary Schools gradually became famous for its good results in the entrance examinations to secondary schools, parents concerned about education for their children who lived outside of the school zone had them enter Seishi Elementary School. That situation further changed the quality of education in Seishi Elementary School around 1915 : throughout the school, preparatory education for the entrance examination came to influence all levels of school activities, especially fifth and sixth grades. Thereafter the pupils came from all 35 wards of the City of Tokyo at this stage. The school became a name school and gained the reputation of \u27the best elementary school in Japan\u27. The two authors contend that the appearance of such schools helped to combine the more or less self-contained system of elementary schools with the system of secondary and higher education

コレラの三期

Cholera is regarded as the most acute of the acute enteritides. This fact has apparently caused the general impression that there is only one stage in the course of cholera. So acute as it may be, a clear cut shift of pathological changes in the intestinal mucosa of cholera patients are recognizable, if we arrange autopsy cases in time order after onset of the disease. There are 3 stages, the first, stage of inflammation, the second, stage of villus fusing and the third, stage of villus resolution. The materials were 12 cases of infant cholera, which died in 1968 and 1969 in the San Lazaro Hospital, Manila, Philippines.コレラは急性腸炎の中でも最も急性のものとされている.此の事実がコレラには一期しかないと云ふ観念を一般に植え付けたものと思われる.然し,如何に急性の疾患とは云え,コレラの剖検例を発病後の経過時間によって整理して見ると,小腸粘膜の形態学的変化に明かな推移が認められる.我々は此を三期に分類した.第一期,炎症期,発病後十数時間迄.第二期,絨毛癒着期,発病後二十四時間以後.第三期,癒着緩解期,発病後推定二,三週,症例は1968年,1969年に比島,マニラ市,サンラザラロ病院で死亡した小児コレラ12例である

Diagonistic Apraxia: A Unique Case of Corpus Callosal Disconnection Syndrome and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder

Diagonistic apraxia is a corpus callosal disconnection syndrome. Callosal lesions in Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) have been reported, but callosal disconnection syndrome are rare. A 48-year-old woman was treated for fever and a cough before hospitalization. Her fever abated immediately, but she had balance problems in walking and standing. She also had slurred speech. On neurological examination, she had diagonistic apraxia. Her left hand moved in an uncoordinated way when she moved her right hand: changing her clothes for example or using a knife and fork. She had to instruct her left hand to stop. She had dysarthria and her gait was wide-based. She also had many callosal disconnection syndrome symptoms such as alexia of left visual field, left ear extinction, crossed optic ataxia. Using FLAIR and DWI MRI, a mixture of low and high signals, a so-called “marbled pattern,” was seen in the corpus callosum. Since the patient was positive for anti-aquaporin-4 antibody, she was diagnosed with NMOSD. After two courses of steroid pulse therapy, the symptoms improved. Here we report diagonistic apraxia and other symptoms of callosal disconnection syndrome in anti-AQP4-positive NMOSD

群馬大学附属図書館所蔵理系明治期教科書-和装本-の考察 : その由来と目録

我々は群馬大学附属図書館本館書庫並びに特殊資料室に,未登録明治期教科書が大量に保管されていることを知った.蔵書の多くは旧群馬県師範学校,群馬県女子師範学校から継承されたものであった.本稿ではその中から我々による目録化がなされた理系和装本276冊を取り上げる.まず,我々による目録化に至る経緯を述べる.次いで目録作製の方針・細則を述べ,目録を掲載する.さらに,目録中の初所蔵を示す蔵書印に着目し,図書の由来ともなるその由来について考察する.We have found many textbooks, which were used in Meiji-era and have not been registered yet, in the usual and special book-stock rooms of Gunma University Library. Most of them were inherited from the Gunma Normal School and the Gunma Woman Normal School. In this report, 276 school-science Japanese-style textbooks whose lists were made by us are picked up. Our policy and specification to make the list of one book are written down and all lists are shown in tables 1～6. We discuss the origin of the textbooks by several kinds of stamps put on them

Why Are Outcomes Different for Registry Patients Enrolled Prospectively and Retrospectively? Insights from the Global Anticoagulant Registry in the FIELD-Atrial Fibrillation (GARFIELD-AF).

Background: Retrospective and prospective observational studies are designed to reflect real-world evidence on clinical practice, but can yield conflicting results. The GARFIELD-AF Registry includes both methods of enrolment and allows analysis of differences in patient characteristics and outcomes that may result. Methods and Results: Patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) and ≥1 risk factor for stroke at diagnosis of AF were recruited either retrospectively (n = 5069) or prospectively (n = 5501) from 19 countries and then followed prospectively. The retrospectively enrolled cohort comprised patients with established AF (for a least 6, and up to 24 months before enrolment), who were identified retrospectively (and baseline and partial follow-up data were collected from the emedical records) and then followed prospectively between 0-18 months (such that the total time of follow-up was 24 months; data collection Dec-2009 and Oct-2010). In the prospectively enrolled cohort, patients with newly diagnosed AF (≤6 weeks after diagnosis) were recruited between Mar-2010 and Oct-2011 and were followed for 24 months after enrolment. Differences between the cohorts were observed in clinical characteristics, including type of AF, stroke prevention strategies, and event rates. More patients in the retrospectively identified cohort received vitamin K antagonists (62.1% vs. 53.2%) and fewer received non-vitamin K oral anticoagulants (1.8% vs . 4.2%). All-cause mortality rates per 100 person-years during the prospective follow-up (starting the first study visit up to 1 year) were significantly lower in the retrospective than prospectively identified cohort (3.04 [95% CI 2.51 to 3.67] vs . 4.05 [95% CI 3.53 to 4.63]; p = 0.016). Conclusions: Interpretations of data from registries that aim to evaluate the characteristics and outcomes of patients with AF must take account of differences in registry design and the impact of recall bias and survivorship bias that is incurred with retrospective enrolment. Clinical Trial Registration: - URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov . Unique identifier for GARFIELD-AF (NCT01090362)