Indigenous Everyday Life in Chatman’s Small World Theories

Indigenous communities are connected through their worldview or commonly held way of seeing everyday life. In this article we will describe the intersection, match, and mismatch of Chatman’s theories of information poverty, and life in the round and how these theories might be incorporated—or not—in understanding contemporary indigenous living. Within the theory of information poverty, we will consider Chatman’s four notions defining an impoverished lifeworld: secrecy, deception, risk taking, and situational relevance. Secrecy and deception might be interpreted as negatives by outsiders when boundaries are maintained around access to traditional cultural knowledge and its expression. Within the community, though, such behaviors are observances of protocol or expected behavior. Risk taking may be welcomed and applauded but might also result in the individual Native risk taker stepping into the interface frame of being an outsider, or someone who is now separated from their trial community. Relevance is contextual and is interpreted by indigenous peoples in terms of its ability to support tribal sovereignty. Chatman’s Theory of Life in the Round presents how individuals find fulfillment in their lives as understood through the concepts of worldview, societal norms, small worlds or settings, and the roles or social types to which people are assigned. These concepts can be seen in indigenous life as the connection to the land and clan kinship models. Our article will close within the framework of Cajete’s model of a fulfilled indigenous life as one where someone can find their true face, heart, and foundation. In this article we refer to the first or original peoples of the land as Native or Indigenous. We refer to first peoples living within the borders of the United States as American Indian or Indian. Indian Country is where Native people live and includes indigenous homeland areas including lands referred to as reservations. That said, Native people consider all land indigenous land. Together, our writing is based on decades of direct interaction with and observation of indigenous peoples from numerous tribal communities, our personal writing and review of the literature, as well as our own cultural affiliations and life backgrounds. Pre-print first published online 6/22/202

Olfaction and kidney function in community-dwelling older adults

Background: In older adults, kidney function declines with age. People with advanced kidney diseases may have poor olfaction. However, it is unclear whether poor olfaction is a marker for declining renal function or future risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD). We therefore investigated olfaction in relation to kidney function and risk of CKD. Methods: These secondary data analyses were limited to participants of the year 3 clinical visit of the Health Aging and Body Composition Study. The analytic sample size varied between 1427 to 2531, depending on participant eligibility and data availability for each analysis. Olfaction was tested using the Brief Smell Identification Test (B-SIT), defined as anosmia (score≤6), hyposmia (7–8), moderate (9–10), and good function (10–11) at baseline. We estimated glomerular filter rate (eGFR) at baseline and seven years later using the CKD-EPI creatinine-cystatin C equation, and defined incident CKD as eGFR Results: At baseline, compared to participants with good olfaction, the multivariable-adjusted mean eGFR was 3.00 ml/min/1.73m2 lower (95% confidence interval (CI): -5.25, -0.75) for those with anosmia and 1.87 lower (95% CI: -3.94, 0.21) for those with hyposmia with a P for linear trend Conclusion: In older adults > age 70 years, poor olfaction is associated with lower kidney function, but not future CKD risk. These associations should be further investigated in relatively younger population.</p

Sacrificial Adhesive Bonding: A Powerful Method For Fabrication Of Glass Microchips.

A new protocol for fabrication of glass microchips is addressed in this research paper. Initially, the method involves the use of an uncured SU-8 intermediate to seal two glass slides irreversibly as in conventional adhesive bonding-based approaches. Subsequently, an additional step removes the adhesive layer from the channels. This step relies on a selective development to remove the SU-8 only inside the microchannel, generating glass-like surface properties as demonstrated by specific tests. Named sacrificial adhesive layer (SAB), the protocol meets the requirements of an ideal microfabrication technique such as throughput, relatively low cost, feasibility for ultra large-scale integration (ULSI), and high adhesion strength, supporting pressures on the order of 5 MPa. Furthermore, SAB eliminates the use of high temperature, pressure, or potential, enabling the deposition of thin films for electrical or electrochemical experiments. Finally, the SAB protocol is an improvement on SU-8-based bondings described in the literature. Aspects such as substrate/resist adherence, formation of bubbles, and thermal stress were effectively solved by using simple and inexpensive alternatives.51327

Accelerometer-measured physical activity and sedentary behavior in relation to all-cause mortality: The women's health study

Physical inactivity is estimated to cause as many deaths globally each year as smoking. Current guidelines recommend ≥150 min/wk of moderate-intensity aerobic physical activity (PA) and muscle-strengthening exercises on ≥2 d/wk. These guidelines are based primarily on studies using self-reported moderate-to vigorous-intensity PA (MVPA). Technological developments now enable device assessments of light-intensity PA (LPA) and sedentary behavior, and well-designed studies with such assessments that investigate clinical outcomes are needed for updating current guidelines. Here, we present data from the WHS (Women’s Health Study). (The data, analytical methods, and study materials will not be made available to other researchers for purposes of reproducing the results or replicating the procedure.

Do Moderate‐Intensity and Vigorous‐Intensity Physical Activities Reduce Mortality Rates to the Same Extent?

Background: Limited data exist directly comparing the relative benefits of moderate‐ and vigorous‐intensity activities with all‐cause and cardiovascular (CV) disease mortality rates when controlling for physical activity volume. Methods and Results: We followed 7979 men (Harvard Alumni Health Study, 1988–2008) and 38 671 women (Women's Health Study, 1992–2012), assessing their physical activity and health habits through repeated questionnaires. Over a mean follow‐up of 17.3 years in men and 16.4 years in women, there were 3551 deaths (1077 from CV disease) among men and 3170 deaths (620 from CV disease) among women. Those who met or exceeded an equivalent of the federal guidelines recommendation of at least 150 minutes of moderate‐intensity activity, 75 minutes of vigorous‐intensity activity, or a combination of the 2 that expended similar energy experienced significantly lower all‐cause and CV disease–related mortality rates (men, 28% to 36% and 31% to 34%, respectively; women: 38% to 55% and 22% to 44%, respectively). When comparing different combinations of moderate‐ and vigorous‐intensity activity and all‐cause mortality rates, we observed sex‐related differences. Holding constant the volume of moderate‐ to vigorous‐intensity physical activity, men experienced a modest additional benefit when expending a greater proportion of moderate‐ to vigorous‐intensity physical activity in vigorous‐intensity activities (Ptrend=0.04), but women did not (Ptrend<0.001). Moderate‐ to vigorous‐intensity physical activity composition was not associated with further cardiovascular mortality rate reductions in either men or women. Conclusions: The present data support guidelines recommending 150 minutes of moderate‐intensity activity per week, 75 minutes of vigorous‐intensity activity per week, or an equivalent combination for mortality benefits. Among men, but not women, additional modest reductions in all‐cause mortality rates are associated with a greater proportion of moderate‐ to vigorous‐intensity physical activity performed at a vigorous intensity

Dose-response associations between accelerometry measured physical activity and sedentary time and all cause mortality: systematic review and harmonised meta-analysis

Objective To examine the dose-response associations between accelerometer assessed total physical activity, different intensities of physical activity, and sedentary time and all cause mortality. Design Systematic review and harmonised meta-analysis. Data sources PubMed, PsycINFO, Embase, Web of Science, Sport Discus from inception to 31 July 2018. Eligibility criteria Prospective cohort studies assessing physical activity and sedentary time by accelerometry and associations with all cause mortality and reported effect estimates as hazard ratios, odds ratios, or relative risks with 95% confidence intervals. Data extraction and analysis Guidelines for meta-analyses and systematic reviews for observational studies and PRISMA guidelines were followed. Two authors independently screened the titles and abstracts. One author performed a full text review and another extracted the data. Two authors independently assessed the risk of bias. Individual level participant data were harmonised and analysed at study level. Data on physical activity were categorised by quarters at study level, and study specific associations with all cause mortality were analysed using Cox proportional hazards regression analyses. Study specific results were summarised using random effects meta-analysis. Main outcome measure All cause mortality. Results 39 studies were retrieved for full text review; 10 were eligible for inclusion, three were excluded owing to harmonisation challenges (eg, wrist placement of the accelerometer), and one study did not participate. Two additional studies with unpublished mortality data were also included. Thus, individual level data from eight studies (n=36 383; mean age 62.6 years; 72.8% women), with median follow-up of 5.8 years (range 3.0-14.5 years) and 2149 (5.9%) deaths were analysed. Any physical activity, regardless of intensity, was associated with lower risk of mortality, with a non-linear dose-response. Hazards ratios for mortality were 1.00 (referent) in the first quarter (least active), 0.48 (95% confidence interval 0.43 to 0.54) in the second quarter, 0.34 (0.26 to 0.45) in the third quarter, and 0.27 (0.23 to 0.32) in the fourth quarter (most active). Corresponding hazards ratios for light physical activity were 1.00, 0.60 (0.54 to 0.68), 0.44 (0.38 to 0.51), and 0.38 (0.28 to 0.51), and for moderate-to-vigorous physical activity were 1.00, 0.64 (0.55 to 0.74), 0.55 (0.40 to 0.74), and 0.52 (0.43 to 0.61). For sedentary time, hazards ratios were 1.00 (referent; least sedentary), 1.28 (1.09 to 1.51), 1.71 (1.36 to 2.15), and 2.63 (1.94 to 3.56). Conclusion Higher levels of total physical activity, at any intensity, and less time spent sedentary, are associated with substantially reduced risk for premature mortality, with evidence of a non-linear dose-response pattern in middle aged and older adults. Systematic review registration PROSPERO CRD42018091808

Salmonelose associada à esquistossomose mansônica hépato-esplênica: ação do praziquantel

Cinco pacientes portadores de esquistossomose mansônica hépato-esplênica, associada à salmonelose, foram tratados com dose única de praziquantel (60 mg/kg peso), havendo desaparecimento da hipertermia do 1.° ao 3.° dia após a terapêutica e cura clínica subseqüente da salmonelose e da esquistossomose. O estudo da sensibilidade "in vitro" das bactérias isoladas: Salmonella minnesota, Salmonella dublin, Salmonella panama e Salmonella typhi (2 pacientes) não mostrou ação direta do praziquantel sobre tais enterobactérias. Os soros coletados antes e 24 horas após o tratamento não foram capazes de inibir o crescimento das bactérias isoladas dos respectivos pacientes.Five schistosomiasis patients (hepatesplenic stage) with chronic Salmonella bacteremia were given praziquantel by oral route, single dosis treatment (60 mg/kg). Fever decreased one to three days after the treatment and the patients recovered both from salmonellosis and schistosomiasis. "In vitro" sensitivity test employing Salmonella minnesota, Salmonella dublin, Salmonella panama and Salmonella typhi isolated from patients did not show any activity of praziquantel against these Salmonella species. Patients' sera collected before and 24 hours after treatment were not able to prevent bacterial growth

TRITIUM, HYDROGEN AND OXYGEN ISOTOPE COMPOSITIONS IN MONTHLY PRECIPITATION SAMPLES COLLECTED AT TOKI, JAPAN

Monthly precipitation samples have been collected at Toki, Japan, from November 2013 to March 2017. In this report, selected data were analysed to identify the regional hydrogen and oxygen isotope compositions. Tritium (3H) concentration in the precipitation ranged from 0.10 to 0.61 Bq L−1 and higher 3H concentrations were observed in spring rather than in other seasons. This range was similar to values reported in Chiba City, Japan. 3H concentration and the ratio d-excess, and δD values were roughly clustered according to each separate season. These regional hydrogen and oxygen isotope compositions will be used for environmental assessments of effects of the deuterium plasma experiments of the large fusion test device