A Study of Different Segmentation Techniques to Detect Tumor from Brain MR Images

The brain is the frontal part of the central nervous system. Brain tumor is an irregular growth caused by cells reproducing themselves in an uncontrolled manner. Brain tumor is may be serious and critical because of space formed inside the skull. So detection of the tumor is very important in earlier stages. Brain tumor detection helps in finding the exact size and location of tumor. This paper is the review of different segmentation techniques used in detection of brain tumor. These segmentation techniques use the MRI Scanned Images to detect the tumor in the brain. DOI: 10.17762/ijritcc2321-8169.150314

SILVER OXIDE NANOPARTICLES: AN EFFICIENT ANTIBACTERIAL AGENT SYNTHESIZED BY ELECTROCHEMICAL REDUCTION METHOD

Silver oxide nanoparticles were prepared by electrochemical reduction method which is environmental bening. The tetra butyl ammonium bromide (TBAB) used as stabilizing agent in an organic medium by optimizing current density. The synthesized silver oxide nanoparticles were characterized by using UV-Visible, FT-IR, XRD, EDS and TEM analysis techniques. The nanoparticles were tested for antibacterial activity against human pathogens like gram negative Escherichia coli (E.coli),Salmonella typhiand gram positive Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilisstrains and which was proved to be excellent

Effect of Lates calcarifer seed stocking on the survival and production of Indian major carps reared in a freshwater coastal pond in Konkan region

The experiment indicated feasibility of culturing Indian major carps seed with Lates calcarifer, if the size of Indian major carps is larger. In the present investigation the average growths of Catla catla, Labeo rohita and Cirrhinus mrigala are recorded as 1193, 1120 and 821 g, respectively, during the year 1997-98, 1998-99 and 1999-2000 in 7.5 months. Complete harvesting of L. calcarifer is essential before stocking of new seed. The average growth of L. calcarifer was recorded as about 670 g during the above period. About 5000 numbers of Indian major carps fry per hectare can be stocked under the present culture syste

Formulation design and evaluation of nasal in situ gel as a novel vehicle for azelastine hydrochloride.

For locally acting intranasal drugs, an extended residence time in the nasal cavity is desirable and related to a prolonged effect. The aim of the present work was to design a nasal delivery system with improved mucoadhesive properties that could provide prolonged retention time for the treatment of allergic rhinitis. A 32 factorial design was used to investigate effect of amount of gellan gum and mucoadhesive polymer namely HPMC E4M as independent variable. Viscosity and mucoadhesive strength were taken as dependent variables. The formulations were tested for gelation study, viscosity study, gel strength, mucoadhesion study, shot weight study, drug content, histopathological evaluation, and stability study. Gelation was determined by physical appearance. Viscosity study of sol and gel formulations indicated that increase in polymer concentration increases the viscosity. Shot weight of the formulations was found to proportionally vary with the viscosity of formulations. Gel strength was found in the range of 22-55 sec. The mucoadhesive force in terms of detachment stress increased with increase in the concentration of HPMCE4M. Histopathological examination of sheep nasal mucosa with control and optimized formulation did not show any change in the nasal tissue. A stability study for optimized AZ5 formulation as per ICH guideline for 90 days showed no change in pH, drug content, and viscosity. The developed in situ gelling system for azelastine hydrochloride using gellan gum in combination with HPMC E4M with improved mucoadhesive properties that could provide prolonged retention time for the treatment of allergic rhinitis

Formulation design and evaluation of nasal in situ gel as a novel vehicle for azelastine hydrochloride.

For locally acting intranasal drugs, an extended residence time in the nasal cavity is desirable and related to a prolonged effect. The aim of the present work was to design a nasal delivery system with improved mucoadhesive properties that could provide prolonged retention time for the treatment of allergic rhinitis. A 32 factorial design was used to investigate effect of amount of gellan gum and mucoadhesive polymer namely HPMC E4M as independent variable. Viscosity and mucoadhesive strength were taken as dependent variables. The formulations were tested for gelation study, viscosity study, gel strength, mucoadhesion study, shot weight study, drug content, histopathological evaluation, and stability study. Gelation was determined by physical appearance. Viscosity study of sol and gel formulations indicated that increase in polymer concentration increases the viscosity. Shot weight of the formulations was found to proportionally vary with the viscosity of formulations. Gel strength was found in the range of 22-55 sec. The mucoadhesive force in terms of detachment stress increased with increase in the concentration of HPMCE4M. Histopathological examination of sheep nasal mucosa with control and optimized formulation did not show any change in the nasal tissue. A stability study for optimized AZ5 formulation as per ICH guideline for 90 days showed no change in pH, drug content, and viscosity. The developed in situ gelling system for azelastine hydrochloride using gellan gum in combination with HPMC E4M with improved mucoadhesive properties that could provide prolonged retention time for the treatment of allergic rhinitis

Determination of the drug utilization patterns of antimicrobial agents used in the department of ear, nose and throat at a tertiary care teaching hospital

Background: Pharmacoepidemiology deals with the epidemiological aspects of clinical use of and effects of drugs over a large population with intentions to have a rationalised prescription practices while using various drugs preferably anti-microbial agents. Objective of the research was to study the prescribing patterns of drugs in ear, nose and throat (ENT) department and to evaluate prescriptions according to World Health Organization (WHO) drug use indicators.Methods: A cross sectional, observational study was conducted in the department of ENT. Data was collected from the prescriptions of patients in outpatient (OPD) and inpatient department (IPD) both.Results: Total number of 250 prescriptions were analysed in which 1038 drugs were prescribed, with average number of drugs prescribed per prescription were 3.6 and 4.6 drugs among OPD and IPD group respectively. Anti-histaminic class of drugs were most prescribed drugs in OPD while in IPD, all anti-microbial agents were most prescribed class of drugs. There was a statistically significant difference between drugs prescribed by generic and branded names. When compared statistically, it was found that 1%, 59% and 40% prescribed drugs in OPD were from desirable, essential and vital class respectively. While 3%, 62% and 36% of prescribed drugs in IPD were from desirable, essential and vital class respectively.Conclusions: It is vital to aware prescribers about the importance of rationalised prescribing and avoid polypharmacy. A need for the development of prescribing guidelines and educational initiatives to encourage the rational and appropriate use of drugs, in order to give the inputs to the prescribing doctors

AI-Based Sustainable and Intelligent Offloading Framework for IIoT in Collaborative Cloud-Fog Environments

The cloud paradigm is one of the most trending areas in today’s era due to its rich profusion of services. However, it fails to serve the latency-sensitive Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) applications associated with automotives, robotics, oil and gas, smart communications, Industry 5.0, etc. Hence, to strengthen the capabilities of IIoT, fog computing has emerged as a promising solution for latency-aware IIoT tasks. However, the resource-constrained nature of fog nodes puts forth another substantial issue of offloading decisions in resource management. Therefore, we propose an Artificial Intelligence (AI)-enabled intelligent and sustainable framework for an optimized multi-layered integrated cloud fog-based environment where real-time offloading decisions are accomplished as per the demand of IIoT applications and analyzed by a fuzzy based offloading controller. Moreover, an AI based Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA) has been incorporated into a framework that promises to search for the best possible resources and make accurate decisions to ameliorate various Quality-of-Service (QoS) parameters. The experimental results show an escalation in makespan time up to 37.17%, energy consumption up to 27.32%, and execution cost up to 13.36% in comparison to benchmark offloading and allocation schemes

An Efficient and Green Procedure for the Preparation of Acylals from Aldehydes Catalyzed by Alum [KAl(SO4)2.12H2O]

Alum [KAl(SO4)2.12H2O] is an inexpensive, efficient, non-toxic and mild catalyst for the preparation of acylals from aromatic and heteroaryl aldehydes with acetic anhydride at room temperature under solvent-free conditions. This method gives remarkable advantages such as excellent chemoselectivity, mild reaction conditions, short reaction times and excellent yields, and offers a green synthetic solution by avoiding toxic catalysts and hazardous solvents.Keywords: Alum, acylals, aromatic and heteroaryl aldehydes, solvent-free synthesis, room temperatur

Strategic Tower Defence Game

This research is based on intelligent strategy game known as Tower Defence in which players have to make strategic decisions to defend their tower from their enemies. This an interesting game where people can test their wits. In this game  the players can build and upgrade their tower to prevent higher damage  from enemies. This game requires quick strategic decisions and is fun to play. There are wide array of weapons/equipments that the player can access by using earning points. This game is developed by using Unity platform using C#. This game is easy and understandable as compare to other tower defence games available in market and can be played by players of all  age. This intelligent strategy game is highly competitive and will help sharpen your brain too

Synthesis of 2-aryl-1-arylmethyl-1H-benzimidazoles using chlorosulfonic acid at room temperature

AbstractChlorosulfonic acid (ClSO3H) used to be a catalyst for the synthesis of 2-aryl-1-arylmethyl-1H-benzimidazoles which was efficiently simple and convenient. This method afforded short reaction time, easy workup, moderate to excellent isolated yields which make this protocol practical and economically attractive