Visuospatial working memory mediates inhibitory and facilitatory guidance in preview search

Visual search is faster and more accurate when a subset of distractors is presented before the display containing the target. This “preview benefit” has been attributed to separate inhibitory and facilitatory guidance mechanisms during search. In the preview task the temporal cues thought to elicit inhibition and facilitation provide complementary sources of information about the likely location of the target. In this study, we use a Bayesian Observer model to compare sensitivity when the temporal cues eliciting inhibition and facilitation produce complementary, and competing, sources of information. Observers searched for T-shaped targets among L-shaped distractors in two standard and two preview conditions. In the standard conditions, all the objects in the display appeared at the same time. In the preview conditions, the initial subset of distractors either stayed on the screen or disappeared before the onset of the search display, which contained the target when present. In the latter, the synchronous onset of old and new objects negates the predictive utility of stimulus-driven capture during search. The results indicate observers combine memory-driven inhibition and sensory-driven capture to reduce spatial uncertainty about the target’s likely location during search. In the absence of spatially predictive onsets, memory-driven inhibition at old locations persists despite irrelevant sensory change at previewed locations. This result is consistent with a bias towards unattended objects during search via the active suppression of irrelevant capture at previously attended locations

Nancy Shimozaki Autobiography, Novemeber 18, 1942

https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/cook-nisei/1093/thumbnail.jp

Multiple signals mediate proliferation, differentiation, and survival from the granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptor in myeloid 32D cells

Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) regulates neutrophil production through activation of its cognate receptor, the G-CSF-R. Previous studies with deletion mutants have shown that the membrane-proximal cytoplasmic domain of the receptor is sufficient for mitogenic signaling, whereas the membrane-distal domain is required for differentiation signaling. However, the function of the four cytoplasmic tyrosines of the G-CSF-R in the control of proliferation, differentiation, and survival has remained unclear. Here we investigated the role of these tyrosines by expressing a tyrosine 'null' mutant and single tyrosine 'add back' mutants in maturation-competent myeloid 32D cells. Clones expressing the null mutant showed only minimal proliferation and differentiation, with survival also reduced at low G-CSF concentrations. Analysis of clones expressing the add-back mutants revealed that multiple tyrosines contribute to proliferation, differentiation, and survival signals from the G-CSF-R. Analysis of signaling pathways downstream of these tyrosines suggested a positive role for STAT3 activation in both differentiation and survival signaling, whereas SHP-2, Grb2 and Shc appear important for proliferation signaling. In addition, we show that a tyrosine- independent 'differentiation domain' in the membrane-distal region of the G- CSF-R appears necessary but not sufficient for mediating neutrophilic differentiation in these cells

Sustained receptor activation and hyperproliferation in response to granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) in mice with a severe congenital neutropenia/acute myeloid leukemia-derived mutation in the G-CSF receptor gene

In approximately 20% of cases of severe congenital neutropenia (SCN), mutations are found in the gene encoding the granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptor (G-CSF-R). These mutations introduce premature stop codons, which result in truncation of 82-98 COOH-terminal amino acids of the receptor. SCN patients who develop secondary myelodysplastic syndrome and acute myeloid leukemia almost invariably acquired a GCSFR mutation, suggesting that this genetic alteration represents a key step in leukemogenesis. Here we show that an equivalent mutation targeted in mice (gcsfr-Delta715) results in the selective expansion of the G-CSF- responsive progenitor (G-CFC) compartment in the bone marrow. In addition, in vivo treatment of gcsfr-Delta715 mice with G-CSF results in increased production of neutrophils leading to a sustained neutrophilia. This hyperproliferative response to G-CSF is accompanied by prolonged activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) complexes and extended cell surface expression of mutant receptors due to defective internalization. In view of the continuous G-CSF treatment of SCN patients, these data provide insight into why progenitor cells expressing truncated receptors clonally expand in vivo, and why these cells may be targets for additional genetic events leading to leukemia

Verification of the Educational Effectiveness of Materials that Induce a Sense of Awe : Base on Statistical Causal inference Using Propensity Scores

本研究は道徳教育指導論における畏敬の念の模範教材の開発・妥当性の検証を目的とした。絵本「わたしのいもうと」を題材に，畏敬の念を喚起するかどうか検証した。具体的には，同一教材を2つのクラスでファシリテートし，畏敬の念の喚起を測定する質問紙（SAS: Sawada et al., 2022）を指標とした。教職課程の大学生を対象に2つのクラスで畏敬の念の感じやすさを事前に調べたところ，2つのクラスで平均値に差がみられた。回答者の背景情報をコントロールするため，傾向スコアを用いた統計的な共変量調整法である逆確率重みづけ推定法（IPW）を用いたサンプル調整を行った。検討の結果，SASの4因子のうち，3つの因子で2つのクラスに平均値に差がみられなかった。このことから，開発した教材は異なる教員が運用した場合でも同一のレベルの畏敬の念を喚起しうることが示唆された。This study aimed to develop and validate a model teaching materials for awe in moral education instructional theory. Using the picture book "Watashi no Imouto" as the subject matter, we tested whether the subject matter evokes a sense of awe. Specifically, the same material was facilitated in two classes, and a questionnaire measuring the arousal of awe (SAS: Sawada et al., 2022) was used as an indicator of evoked sense of awe. A preliminary study of the ease of feeling awe in the two classes of university students in the teaching program revealed a difference in mean values between the two classes. To control for respondents' background information, we adjusted the sample using inverse probability weighted estimation (IPW), a statistical covariate adjustment method using propensity scores. The results of the study showed that there were no differences in the means of three of the four factors of the SAS between the two classes. This suggests that the developed teaching materials can evoke the same level of awe even when administered by different teachers

Research on Methods of Teaching Moral Education from a Cross-curricular Perspective in “Theory of Moral Education and Instruction”

departmental bulletin pape

A Study on the Introduction of Generative AI into Teacher Training Courses : Introduction to "Educational Methodology" and "Moral Education and Instruction"

departmental bulletin pape

A Study on the Teaching of Mock Lessons in Moral Studies Using ICT in "Practical Teaching Seminars"

departmental bulletin pape