Apoptotic Inhibitors as Therapeutic Targets for Cell Survival

Apoptosis has revealed an essential function in the development or prevention of oncogenic transformation in the body; however, programmed cell death (PCD) must be tightly controlled since deregulated cell death is involved in the development of a large number of different pathologies. Apoptosis can be decreased in pathological states such as in cancer and autoimmunity or elevated such as in stroke, neurodegeneration, retinal cell death, myocardial and liver ischemia, inflammatory diseases such as sepsis, osteoarthritis (OA), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and asthma. Different types of apoptotic inhibitors will be discussed in this chapter displaying their mechanism of action, which have been reported to be therapeutic targets for cell survival or at least limiting cell death. These inhibitors are classified according to their nature into natural antiapoptotic proteins that present mainly in the cell and synthetic small molecule inhibitors that are widely used to protect against overexpression of apoptosis mediators and, in turn, to prevent corresponding diseases

Facile synthesis of new fused and non-fused heterocyclic systems from a γ-ketoacid

The chemical reactivity of 4-(2-tetryl)-4-oxobut-2-enoic acid towards carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur nucleophiles and binucleophiles namely o-phenylenediamine, o-aminophenol, and o-aminothiophenol has been studied. The investigated nucleophilic reactions result in the formation of heterocyclic compounds with fused and non-fused systems namely, pyridazinone, tetrhydroquinoline, quinoxalone, oxazinone, thiazole and benzocoumarin

Reaction of N,N '-disubstituted hydrazinecarbothioamides with 2-bromo-2-substituted acetophenones

Reaction of hydrazinecarbothioamides with 2-bromoacetophenones furnished the formation of thiazole-, bis-thiazole-, pyrazole- and 1,3,4-thiadiazole- derivatives in good yields. The mechanism was discussed. The structures of products were proved by MS, IR, NMR, elemental analyses and X-ray structure analyses. [GRAPHICS] .Peer reviewe

A Preliminary record of the entomopathogenic fungus beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) viullemin as endophyte in Egypt

Abstract The present study was conducted to survey and isolate entomopathogenic fungi as endophyte from wheat and tomato plants in Assiut, Upper Egypt. Two species of agricultural economic plants (wheat and tomato) were freshly collected two times / month. These plants were wheat and tomato. Plants with no visible symptoms of disease were carefully selected after physical examination. In the present study 30 samples (6 from wheat and 24 from tomato) were surveyed for entophytic fungi. Leaves, shoots, and roots of the two plants were examined. Thirty-three fungal species which belong to 17 genera were isolated as endophytes of the two plants. Beauveria bassiana was successfully isolated from the leaves of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). Moreover, the pathogenicity of this isolate was assayed as endophyte on tomato and wheat plants. Also, the isolate of B. bassiana was assessed against the greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella L

Insights about Electronic Technology in Digital Transformation Age & Neutrosophic Data Structure

In recent decades, Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has been advanced and widely spread around the globe in addition to ICT revolution and technological advances are considered the major role in the evolution of modern age, which is called "Digital Transformation Age". Therefore, Electronic Technology (E-Technology) has become one of the most prominent approaches such as Electronic Learning (E-Learning), Electronic Training (E-Training), Mobile Learning (M-Learning), Virtual Lab (V-Lab), Virtual University, etc. E-Technology includes some features, for instance anyone, anywhere, anytime and reducing of geographical barriers. ETechnology is a great trend and influences many fields and sectors such as Learning, Training, Military, Navy, Aviation, Medicine, and Digital space. According to nature of usage, E-Technology can be used in positive or negative trends. E-Technology is considered as a valuable tool in providing several opportunities for learning and training processes for individuals and organizations, especially in critical issues. Finally, we give a quick overview of neutrosophic data and some recent applications

Clinical characteristics and precipitating factor(s) associated with diabetic ketoacidosis presentation in children with newly diagnosed diabetes

Background. To compare the demographic and clinical characteristics of children with newly clinically diagnosed type 1 diabetes (T1DM) who presented with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) versus non DKA presentation and to identify the precipitating factor(s) related to progression to DKA. Methods. Over a 3 month period, 99 patients newly diagnosed with T1DM were recruited from Diabetes, Endocrine and Metabolism Pediatric Unit (DEMPU), Cairo University, with 53 patients presented with DKA and 46 were non DKA. Results. Polyuria, polydipsia, weight loss, polyphagia and nocturia were the most common symptoms preceding the diagnosis among the whole study group (93.8%, 92% and 80.8%, 76.8%, 46.5 % respectively) with no difference between DKA and non DKA groups. Delayed diagnosis occurred in 98.1% and 58.7% of DKA and non DKA groups respectively. In the DKA group the diagnosis of diabetes was missed in 69.8% and in 28.3% the initiation of insulin therapy was delayed despite diagnosis. Multivariate analysis performed to identify the most significant precipitating factor(s) associated with the development of DKA at diabetes diagnosis showed that delayed start of insulin therapy was the most significant factor (OR = 1.267, P value = 0.023). Conclusion. The prevalence of DKA is high among Egyptianchildren at diagnosis of type 1 diabetes. It is not only caused by misdiagnosis and mismanagement of diabetes, but also delayed initiation of insulin therapy in those diagnosed. This highlights the importance of increasing awareness concerning clinical features of diabetes in children and the urgency of insulin therapy among primary health care professionals and the community

1,3,4-Thiadiazoles and 1,3-thiazoles from one-pot reaction of bisthioureas with 2-(bis(methylthio)methylene)malononitrile and ethyl 2-cyano-3,3-bis(methylthio)acrylate

Bisthioureas reacted with either 2-(bis(methylthio)methylene)malononitrile or ethyl 2-cyano-3,3-bis(methylthio)acrylate to give 1,3,4-thiadiazoles and 1,3-thiazoles. Only, the reactive allyl derivative of bisthioureas reacted with the bis(methylthio)methylene compounds to give 1,3-thiazoles. The mechanism was discussed. The structures of products were proved by MS, IR, NMR and elemental analyses and X-ray structure analysis. [GRAPHICS]Peer reviewe

Detection of Helicobacter pylori oipA and dupA genes among dyspeptic patients with chronic gastritis

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori): is a microbe with wide genetic diversity that infects the stomach of most people in developing countries, leading to several clinical outcomes among different individuals such as gastritis, ulcers, or gastric cancer. Outer inflammatory protein A (oipA) and duodenal ulcer promoting (dupA) genes are among the possible virulence factors which determine the patient outcome. Aim: To detect oipA and dupA genes of H. pylori among dyspeptic Egyptian patients, and to investigate their correlation with the varying degrees of the associated chronic gastritis. Methods: The study enrolled 50 patients with dyspepsia, attending the Gastrointestinal Endoscopy unit of the Gastroenterology and Tropical Departments at Ain Shams University Hospital for upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, in the period between, June and, December 2019. Four antral gastric biopsies were taken from each patient for polymerase chain reaction assay to detect the virulence genes oipA, dupA, and cagA and for histopathological assessment. Results: Forty patients were H. pylori positive by histopathology and PCR. cagA, oipA, and dupA were identified in 6 (15%), 13 (32.5%), 9 (22.5%) of biopsies, respectively. Both cagA and oipA genes were highly significantly associated with increasing the severity of gastritis. Only oipA virulence gene showed a highly significant association with gastroduodenitis. There was a highly significant moderate association between cagA and oipA genes. Conclusion: oipA could be a virulence biomarker that serves a great value in predicting the progress of gastric mucosal damage in patients with chronic gastritis, and targeting antimicrobial therapy in those patients to prevent severe gastroduodenal diseases

Cellular Cytotoxicity and Epigenetic Alteration in RP1 and RASSF1A Genes as Response for Anticancer Capabilities of Some Probiotic Bacteria in Breast Cancer

This study aimed to assess the anti-proliferative capabilities of the three probiotic strains on breast cancer (MCF7) and test their anticancer capabilities on RP1 and RASSF1A Genes. Three probiotics bacterial strains: Lactobacillus casei ss. casei (LC 1093), Lactobacillus delbreuckii ss. bulgaricus LD (1102) and Bifidobacterium bifidum (BB 1334) were tested for their anti-proliferative capabilities on cell lines via trypan blue test and MTT assay. Their anti-methylation activities were tested using methylation-specific PCR (MSP). Results revealed that Lactobacillus casei strain achieved the highest percentage of cancer cell death. The effects of these strains on the methylation status of RASSF1A and RB1 promotor regions in breast cancer cells were tested. The unmethylation-specific primers of both genes were able to generate a defined band. The methylation patterns were reshaped when compared to the untreated MCF7 cell line showing the epigenetic delaying mechanism of the probiotic cell free filtrate by interfering the methylation mechanism of breast cancer on two tested genes