Volume diffraction gratings for optical telecommunications applications: design study for a spectral equalizer

The main characteristics required for a diffraction grating used for demultiplexing functions in spectral equalizing systems are investigated, both theoretically and experimentally. We show that volume-phase holographic (VPH) gratings can be used as dispersive elements instead of classic reflection surface-relief gratings presently employed in most optical telecommunications devices. A design method for this type of diffraction grating and experimental results are presented, confirming that VPH gratings are well suited to such applications

SEMANTIC DERIVATION OF BORROWINGS

The author carried out the contrastive analysis of the word спикер borrowed into Russian from English and the English word speaker. The findings of the analysis include confirm (1) different derivational abilities and functions of the borrowed word and the native word; (2) distinctive features in the definitions, i.e. semantic structures, registered in monolingual non-abridged dictionaries; (3) heterogeneous parameters of frequencies recorded in the National Corpus of the Russian language and the British National Corpus; (4) absence of bilingual equivalent collocations with words спикер and speaker. The collocations with words studied revealed new lexical and connotative senses in the meaning of the word. Relevance of the study conducted is justified by the new facts revealed about the semantic adaptation of the borrowed word in the system of the Russian language and its paradigmatic and syntagmatic connections in the system of the recipient language

The Translation Specifics in the field of the Screen Adaptation

The article presents the result of the study in province of the development the cine-text/film construct translation. The first part of the analysis provides an overview on the historical development of the main types of translation, which are essentially used for the foreign cinematography interpretation. The authors also investigated the information about the origin and the subject matter of cine-text, based on scientific works by famous linguists including M.A. Efremovaand (2004) R.A. Matasov (2008]. Different classifications of translation mistakes were compiled during the research by combining a variety of methods. On that stage, we also resorted to the description of translation mistakes with the most destructive effect. The second part of the work demonstrates the implementation of considered regularities on the audiovisual production, which was used as a research material. It included 7 hours and 12 minutes of stage speech of screen adaptation of Thomas Harris's novels about Dr. Hannibal Lecter, which areRed Dragon (2002), The Silence of the Lambs (1991), Hannibal (2001). The study results display the broad educational view on the specifics of process of making the translation of the film based on a literary works: they can be used as the auxiliary material during the professional training and for the extension of background knowledge in the field of audiovisual translation

Changes of connotation in borrowings

© the author(s). The relevance of the article is justified by the fact that answering the question on typical ways of expressing connotation in borrowed words and their connection with the history and ethnos development the presented article fills the research gap in linguistics. The objective of the article is to summarize the comparative study of semantic (primarily connotative) evolution of two words 'orda' (Mongolian 'ordu' Knan's palace, headquarters)-'ulus' borrowed from Mongolian. The principal method of the research involves semantic context analysis. The analysis consists of 3 stages. At the first stage the semantic analysis of the words in Russian National Corpus, precedent texts (proverbs, idioms, popular quotations etc.) and modern Russian dictionaries reveals the fixed connotations in the language and brings out stereotypical images in the Russian culture. The second stage focuses on Russians' individual perceptions of the words and summarizes the results of an associative experiment-respondents' reactions to the stimulus 'orda', 'ulus'. Thirdly, the semantic network analysis of the words performed on modern social media texts (chats and forums) reveals the typical semantic context of the words represented by collocations. Based on the principles of explanation, expansionism, functionalism and anthropocentrism as the main principles of modern linguistics paradigm the article might be of interest to linguists pursing research in semantics, students majoring in Linguistics and Cultural studies and teachers of Russian

Functional features of metaphoric and metonymic euphemisms in media discourse

© 2014, Ecozone, OAIMDD. All rights reserved. The objective of the given article is to outline a range of lexical ways of euphemism formation. Research materials include euphemistic expressions of contemporary English, obtained by continuous selections from British and American newspapers. In this paper a number of units and euphemistic phrases, not recorded in the dictionary, are exposed to a detailed analysis. To achieve this goal, the following methods: logical method; definitional and contextual methods of analysis; descriptive method; method of structural and semantic descriptions; comparative method are used

The evolution of the trabecular bone at a constant combined loading

© 2016, International Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. All rights reserved.This paper deals with the mathematical model of restructured bone tissue under the influence of external forces. The mathematical model has been formed on the basis of Wolff law in the Cowin mathematical formulation. The paper considers a number of model problems: all-around compression with single-direction weakening, the problem of torsion and the problem of uniform compression with stress tensor rotation at a predetermined angle. We have calculated the relative change in the solid volume and the components of the structure tensor (tissue tensor), the solution was considered the convergence of asymptotic behavior of the strain tensor components to the value of - 0.0015, which meant lazy zone. It was noted in the problem of all-around compression that the bone microstructure comes in homeostatic balance regardless of the size and sampling of the parameter of weakening. It was noted in the problem of torsion that an increase in the tangential components of the structure tensor results in significant variation of the behavior of the solid volume and the components of structure tensor. In the problem of stress tensor rotation, the components of structure tensor change first, which is consistent with Wolff law – the bone tissue is rearranged along the lines of principal stresses

Manipulative Speech Techniques in Political Discourse

The article is devoted to the analysis of manipulative strategies and tactics in political discourse. The analysis is based on Donald Trump’s speech, which was delivered at the UN General Assembly in 2018. The paper studies the manipulative speech strategies and tactics used by the politician, their characteristic features, linguistic peculiarities of their implementation and the aims of their use. Political discourse defines the necessity to use certain speech strategies and tactics in political speeches, which altogether are aimed at creating an image of a politician and manipulating the consciousness of listeners. Implementation of such strategies and tactics in a proper way can evoke the desired emotional response and have an effect on choices people make. Every politician is unique in using their own strategies and tactics, but, in most cases, such tactics are more or less similar as their target is to create a positive image and make people follow or believe this or that politician.

The influence of collisions on the temporary shape of stimulated echo hologram in gas

In this paper, we investigate the influence of collisions with the change of particle velocity direction in a gas on the reproduction of the temporary shape of the object laser pulse in the stimulated echo hologram response. Due to such collisions, the frequency shifts of the radiation of atoms in the gas randomly vary (spectral diffusion within the heterogeneously broadened line). It is shown, that such diffusion leads to the not correlated heterogeneous broadening in the gas at the different time intervals and the partial loss of system phase memory, which results in a partial loss of retrieved information encoded in the temporal form of the object laser pulse

Definition of the intense and deformable jaw state under the masseters hyper tone

© Research India Publications. Current research considers the hypothesis of masseter muscle hyper tone as one of the factors for gingiva recession. By means of bio-mechanical modeling operation the three-dimensional solid-state model was constructed. Thus the assessment of movements and gingiva pressure intensity in areas of cutters and canines was made. The problem of intense strained state definition was solved using finite element method. The model allows to consider influences of chewing and temporal muscles. Problem definition is the linear isotropic, taking into account the following contact interactions: dentition – gum, gum — bone. In final element sampling the tetrahedral and hexsahedral finite elements from the linear approximation were used. Within calculation the masseter muscles hyper tone was modeled by applying pressure, force amounts thus used were equal to: 100 N, 300 N, 700 N, 1300 N in various combinations. The analysis of pressure intensity results for dentition showed that the maximal pressure arises in the cutters area. While applying different types of loading qualitative change does not take place, however, pressure intensity values change. The contact pressure assessment for areas of dentition contact among themselves and with jaw was made. The distribution picture is similar to a picture of pressure intensity distribution — larger contact stresses fall onto a place where cutters contact, at various schemes of loading the picture changes quantitatively. The detailed analysis of the results received is given in the article