National review into model occupational health and safety laws

This is the second and final report of the National OHS Review and contains findings and makes recommendations on matters that were not covered in the review panel\u27s first report. These matters that are relevant to a model OHS Act address: * scope and coverage, including definitions; * workplace-based consultation, participation and representation provisions, including the appointment, powers and functions of health and safety representatives and/or committees; * enforcement and compliance, including the role and powers of OHS inspectors, and the application of enforcement tools including codes of practice; * regulation-making powers and administrative processes, including mechanisms for improving cross-jurisdictional cooperation and dispute resolution; * permits and licensing arrangements for those engaged in high risk work and the use of certain plant and hazardous substances; * the role of OHS regulatory agencies in providing education, advice and assistance to duty holders; and * other matters the review panel has identified as being important to health and safety that should be addressed in a model OHS Act

De-tuning Albedo Parameters in a coupled Climate Ice Sheet Model to simulate the North American Ice Sheet at the Last Glacial Maximum

The Last Glacial Maximum extent of the North American Ice Sheets are well constrained empirically, but have proven to be challenging to simulate with coupled Climate Ice Sheet models. Coupled Climate-Ice Sheet models are often too computationally expensive to sufficiently explore uncertainty in input parameters, and it is unlikely that values calibrated to reproduce modern ice sheets will reproduce the known extent of the ice at the Last Glacial Maximum. To address this, we run an ensemble with a coupled Climate-Ice Sheet model (FAMOUS-ice), simulating the final stages of growth of the last North American Ice Sheets’ maximum extent. Using this large ensemble approach, we explore the influence of numerous uncertain ice sheet albedo, ice sheet dynamics, atmospheric, and oceanic parameters on the ice sheet extent. We find that ice sheet albedo parameters determine the majority of uncertainty when simulating the Last Glacial Maximum North American Ice Sheets. Importantly, different albedo parameters are needed to produce a good match to the Last Glacial Maximum North American Ice Sheets than have previously been used to model the contemporary Greenland Ice Sheet, due to differences in cloud cover over ablation zones. Thus calibrating coupled climate-ice sheet models on one ice sheet may produce strong biases when the model is applied to a new domain