Investigation of metal flow in bridge die extrusion of Alloy 6063 and subsequent effect on surface quality and weld seam integrity

This paper describes a detailed study of tube extrusion by simulation using finite element method (FEM). The finite element model used one-sixth of symmetry. The extrusion load, emperature evolution and metal flow were predicted. Innovative methods, combining both grid and surface tools, were used to define in detail the flow of material. These showed clearly the inner and outer surface formation mechanisms of the tube extrusion. The seam weld, an important quality indicator, was also evaluated by selecting an appropriate criterion

Potential bronchoconstrictor stimuli in acid fog.

Acid fog is complex and contains multiple stimuli that may be capable of inducing bronchoconstriction. These stimuli include sulfuric and niric acids, the principal inorganic acids present; sulfites, formed in the atmosphere as a reaction product of sulfur dioxide and water droplets; fog water itself, a hypoosmolar aerosol; the organic acid hydroxymethanesulfonate, the bisulfite adduct of formaldehyde; and gaseous pollutants, e.g., sulfur dioxide, oxides of nitrogen, ozone. Given this complexity, evaluation of the respiratory health effects of naturally occurring acid fog requires assessment of the bronchoconstrictor potency of each component stimulus and possible interactions among these stimuli. We summarize the results of three studies that involve characterization of the bronchoconstrictor potency of acid fog stimuli and/or their interaction in subjects with asthma. The results of the first study indicate that titratable acidity appears to be a more important stimulus to bronchoconstriction than is pH. The results of the second study demonstrate that sulfite species are capable of inducing bronchoconstriction, especially when inhaled at acid pH. The results of the third study suggest that acidity can potentiate hypoosmolar fog-induced bronchoconstriction

A discussion of the scaling effect in numerical simulation of the extrusion process

The main objective of the work of this paper is to study the possibility of using a small scale geometrical model in the numerical simulation of aluminium extrusion. The advantages and shortcomings of the application of the geometrically similar model in FEM simulation are discussed. Thermal – mechanical and metallurgical combined simulations are performed within two tests using geometrically similar models and assessment is made in terms of mechanical and material properties. It was found that small scale simulation could not reproduce most of the important forming parameters of the original process, although it could help to bring about significant savings in computation time

Late Pleistocene and Holocene geology of the Upper Afon Teifi Valley : parts of 1:10 000 sheets SN54NE, 55SE, 64NW, 65NW, 65NE & 65SW

This report describes the late Pleistocene and Holocene geology of the upper Afon Teifi valley. The morphology of the Teifi and tributary Dulais valleys suggests that the latter represents a preDevensian meander loop of the Tertiary Afon Teifi, with interconnects to the modern Teifi valley seen at Cockshead and Olmarch. The modern Teifi valley south of Olmarch may be glacially-excavated. A number of Devensian valley glacier and Holocene fluvial depositional environments are recognised as landform assemblages. These include glacial till, glaciofluvial gravel deposits (kamiform benches, moraines, outwash plains), glaciolacustrine deposits, and Holocene alluvial deposits

A stratigraphical framework for the Upper Langsettian and Duckmantian of the East Pennine coalfields

This report describes the stratigraphy of named coal seams and sandbodies in that part of the Coal Measures Group which forms the principal productive measures of the East Midlands coalfields (Upper Langsettian and Duckmantian). Coal seams are combined into ‘groups’, which describe the general association of a number of coal seams rather than formal stratigraphical units. For each seam, preferred nomenclature and known alternatives are presented together with descriptions of the correlations. Sandbodies are described in terns of their position with respect to the established coal seam stratigraphy. A diagrammatic correlation panel, which summarizes the relationships described, is appended

Manufacturing processes for fabricating graphite/PMR 15 polyimide structural elements

Investigations were conducted to obtain commercially available graphite/PMR-15 polyimide prepreg, develop an autoclave manufacturing process, and demonstrate the process by manufacturing structural elements. Controls were established on polymer, prepreg, composite fabrication, and quality assurance, Successful material quality control and processes were demonstrated by fabricating major structural elements including flat laminates, hat sections, I beam sections, honeycomb sandwich structures, and molded graphite reinforced fittings. Successful fabrication of structural elements and simulated section of the space shuttle aft body flap shows that the graphite/PMR-15 polyimide system and the developed processes are ready for further evaluation in flight test hardware

Material flow during the extrusion of simple and complex cross-sections using FEM

This paper deals with the extrusion of rod and shape sections and uses a 3D finite element model analysis (FEM) to predict the effect of die geometry on maximum extrusion load. A description of material flow in the container is considered in more detail for rod and shape sections in order to fully comprehend the transient conditions occurring during the process cycle. A comparison with experiments is made to assess the relative importance of some extrusion parameters in the extrusion process and to ensure that the numerical discretisation yields a realistic simulation of the process. The usefulness and the limitation of FEM are discussed when modelling complex shapes. Results are presented for velocity contours and shear stress distribution during the extrusion process. It is shown that for most of the shapes investigated, the material making up the extrudate cross-sections originates from differing regions of virgin material within the billet. The outside surface of the extrudate originates from the material moving along the dead metal zone (DMZ) and the core of the extrudate from the central deformation zone. The FE program appears to predict all the major characteristics of the flow observed macroscopically

Material flow during the extrusion of simple and complex cross-sections using FEM

This paper deals with the extrusion of rod and shape sections and uses a 3D finite element model analysis (FEM) to predict the effect of die geometry on maximum extrusion load. A description of material flow in the container is considered in more detail for rod and shape sections in order to fully comprehend the transient conditions occurring during the process cycle. A comparison with experiments is made to assess the relative importance of some extrusion parameters in the extrusion process and to ensure that the numerical discretisation yields a realistic simulation of the process. The usefulness and the limitation of FEM are discussed when modelling complex shapes. Results are presented for velocity contours and shear stress distribution during the extrusion process. It is shown that for most of the shapes investigated, the material making up the extrudate cross-sections originates from differing regions of virgin material within the billet. The outside surface of the extrudate originates from the material moving along the dead metal zone (DMZ) and the core of the extrudate from the central deformation zone. The FE program appears to predict all the major characteristics of the flow observed macroscopically

Relationships between lower-body muscle structure and, lower-body strength, explosiveness and eccentric leg stiffness in adolescent athletes

The purpose of the present study was to determine whether any relationships were present between lower-body muscle structure and, lower-body strength, variables measured during a counter-movement jump (CMJ) and squat jump (SJ), and eccentric leg stiffness, in adolescent athletes. Thirty junior male (n = 23) and female (n = 7) surfing athletes (14.8 ± 1.7 y; 1.63 ± 0.09 m; 54.8 ± 12.1 kg) undertook lower-body muscle structure assessment with ultrasonography and performed a; CMJ, SJ and an isomet-ric mid-thigh pull (IMTP). In addition, eccentric leg stiffness was calculated from variables of the CMJ and IMTP. Moderate to very large relationships (r = 0.46-0.73) were identified be-tween the thickness of the vastus lateralis (VL) and lateral gas-trocnemius (LG) muscles, and VL pennation angle and; peak force (PF) in the CMJ, SJ and IMTP. Additionally, moderate to large relationships (r = 0.37-0.59) were found between eccentric leg stiffness and; VL and LG thickness, VL pennation angle, and LG fascicle length, with a large relationship (r = 0.59) also present with IMTP PF. These results suggest that greater thick-ness of the VL and LG were related to improved maximal dy-namic and isometric strength, likely due to increased hypertro-phy of the extensor muscles. Furthermore, this increased thickness was related to greater eccentric leg stiffness, as the associated enhanced lower-body strength likely allowed for greater neuromuscular activation, and hence less compliance, during a stretch-shortening cycle

Asymmetric Synthesis of Secondary Alcohols and 1,2-Disubstituted Epoxides via Organocatalytic Sulfenylation

Enantioenriched secondary alcohols can be prepared via a short reaction sequence involving asymmetric organocatalytic sulfenylation of an aldehyde, organometallic addition, and desulfurization. This process provides access to enantioenriched alcohols with sterically similar groups attached to the alcohol carbon atom. The intermediate β-hydroxysulfides can also serve as precursors to enantioenriched 1,2-disubstituted epoxides via alkylation of the sulfur and subsequent base-mediated ring closure