The Impact of Ethics on Job criminalization

The criminalization of some jobs can be traced in the law system of all countries. The criteria for this criminalization vary according to the legal system of each country. In Iran, job criminalization is based on the approach of Imami jurisprudence, which is a text-oriented and sometimes intellect-oriented paradigm. Therefore, jurisprudence determines whether a job is criminal or not. Along with theology and ethics, the science of jurisprudence constitutes the three scientific pillars of Islam. The relationship between these three is one of the fundamental discussions that have great impacts on the attitude of scholars of jurisprudence in dealing with issues. Among these, the relationship between ethics and jurisprudence is very important because these two are formed on the basis of instructions and warnings and it has caused a disagreement among Islamic scholars about their relationship. Some deny their relationship, some believe that ethics requires jurisprudence, and some consider jurisprudence to require ethical supervision. These variations have led to differences in their perceptions of issues. Of course, looking at the meaning of ethics and jurisprudence, it is clear that the two are in close contact with each other, and since human behavior must be accepted by God in order to lead to human happiness, ethics acts as an observer of jurisprudence. This effect is sometimes based on the imaginary and affirmative principles of jurisprudence, and sometimes on the methods of jurisprudence. These effects can be observed in the difference between a job criminalization, which is mentioned in this article

The Impact of Ethics on Job criminalization

The criminalization of some jobs can be traced in the law system of all countries. The criteria for this criminalization vary according to the legal system of each country. In Iran, job criminalization is based on the approach of Imami jurisprudence, which is a text-oriented and sometimes intellect-oriented paradigm. Therefore, jurisprudence determines whether a job is criminal or not. Along with theology and ethics, the science of jurisprudence constitutes the three scientific pillars of Islam. The relationship between these three is one of the fundamental discussions that have great impacts on the attitude of scholars of jurisprudence in dealing with issues. Among these, the relationship between ethics and jurisprudence is very important because these two are formed on the basis of instructions and warnings and it has caused a disagreement among Islamic scholars about their relationship. Some deny their relationship, some believe that ethics requires jurisprudence, and some consider jurisprudence to require ethical supervision. These variations have led to differences in their perceptions of issues. Of course, looking at the meaning of ethics and jurisprudence, it is clear that the two are in close contact with each other, and since human behavior must be accepted by God in order to lead to human happiness, ethics acts as an observer of jurisprudence. This effect is sometimes based on the imaginary and affirmative principles of jurisprudence, and sometimes on the methods of jurisprudence. These effects can be observed in the difference between a job criminalization, which is mentioned in this article.La criminalización de algunos trabajos se puede rastrear en el sistema legal de todos los países. Los criterios para esta criminalización varían según el sistema legal de cada país. En Irán, la criminalización del trabajo se basa en el enfoque de la jurisprudencia Imami, que es un paradigma orientado al texto y, a veces, al intelecto. Por tanto, la jurisprudencia determina si un trabajo es criminal o no. Junto con la teología y la ética, la ciencia de la jurisprudencia constituye los tres pilares científicos del Islam. La relación entre estos tres es una de las discusiones fundamentales que tienen un gran impacto en la actitud de los estudiosos de la jurisprudencia al abordar los temas. Entre estos, la relación entre ética y jurisprudencia es muy importante porque estos dos se forman sobre la base de instrucciones y advertencias y ha causado un desacuerdo entre los eruditos islámicos sobre su relación. Algunos niegan su relación, algunos creen que la ética requiere jurisprudencia y algunos consideran que la jurisprudencia requiere supervisión ética. Estas variaciones han dado lugar a diferencias en sus percepciones de los problemas. Por supuesto, al observar el significado de la ética y la jurisprudencia, queda claro que las dos están en estrecho contacto entre sí, y dado que el comportamiento humano debe ser aceptado por Dios para conducir a la felicidad humana, la ética actúa como observadora de la jurisprudencia. . Este efecto a veces se basa en los principios imaginarios y afirmativos de la jurisprudencia y, a veces, en los métodos de la jurisprudencia. Estos efectos se pueden observar en la diferencia entre una criminalización laboral, que se menciona en este artículo

Minocycline Improves Memory by Enhancing Hippocampal Synaptic Plasticity and Restoring Antioxidant Enzyme Activity in a Rat Model of Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion

Introduction: Oxidative stress plays a crucial role in the impairment of synaptic plasticity following cerebral ischemia, ultimately resulting in memory dysfunction. Hence, the applying antioxidant agents could be beneficial in managing memory deficits after brain ischemia. Minocycline is a tetracycline antibiotic with antioxidant effect. The main objective of this work was to assess the minocycline effect on the impairment of synaptic plasticity and memory after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion in rats. Methods: Transient occlusion of common carotid arteries was used to induce ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. Single or multiple (once daily for 7 days) dose(s) of minocycline were administered before (pretreatment) or after (treatment) brain ischemia. Seven days after ischemia-reperfusion, passive avoidance performance, long-term hippocampal potentiation, and the activity of antioxidant enzymes were assessed.  Results: The passive avoidance test showed that minocycline (20 and 40 mg/kg) significantly increased step-through latency while reducing the duration of staying in a dark chamber in the treatment (but not pretreatment) group. In electrophysiological experiments, the rats treated (but not pretreated) with minocycline (40 mg/kg) showed a significant increase in the amplitude of the field excitatory postsynaptic potentials in the dentate gyrus area of the hippocampus. The treatment (but not pretreatment) with minocycline (20 and 40 mg/kg) resulted in a significant increase in the activity of catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase in the hippocampus.  Conclusion: It was determined that minocycline attenuates memory dysfunction after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion in rats by improving hippocampal synaptic plasticity and restoring antioxidant enzyme activity

Nanoliposomal Auraptene: A Comprehensive Study on Preparation, Characterization, Cytotoxicity, and Anti-Angiogenic Potential

Aims: To suppress angiogenesis, auraptene is used in the form of liposome to enhance solubility and effectiveness. Background: Nanoliposomes are spherical nano-sized capsules enclosed by lipid membranes, serving as a biocompatible vehicle to enhance the delivery of therapeutic agents. Objective: The objective of this research is to prepare and characterize nanoliposome-encapsulated auraptene and compare its cytotoxic and anti-angiogenic effects to non-liposomal auraptene. Methods: Liposomal auraptene was formulated using DSPC/DSPG/Cholesterol (molar ratio of 4:1:2) in combination with two different molar ratios of auraptene (0.1 and 0.05). The entrapment efficiency was evaluated using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Various parameters, including Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), zeta potential, stability, and release kinetics, were investigated. Subsequently, both liposomal and non-liposomal auraptene, along with bare liposomes, were applied to the MDA-MB-231 cell line for a duration of 72 hours at 37°C at varying concentrations. Cytotoxicity was assessed using the MTT assay. Additionally, the study examined the anti-angiogenic effects on the vessels in the chorioallantoic membrane of chick embryos. Results: The entrapment efficiency of auraptene was found to be satisfactory at 50%. The liposome size ranged from 85 to 241 nm, with a Z-Average of 190.9 nm. The zeta potentials for all formulations were consistently around -55.7, and the Polydispersity Index (PDI) was less than 0.3 for all formulations. The release profile demonstrated approximately 80% drug release over a period of 130 hours. Notably, liposomal auraptene exhibited a significantly lower IC50 value (38.61 [95% Confidence Interval: 30.56 to 48.78]) compared to non-liposomal auraptene (50.36 [95% Confidence Interval: 43.58 to 58.19]) (p = 0.0240). Conclusion: Moreover, the administration of 2.5 and 5 µM of liposomal auraptene led to a reduction in the vessels within the chorioallantoic membrane at the injection site when compared to the control group. In summary, the use of biodegradable nanoliposomal carriers improved the solubility, release profile, and stability of auraptene while demonstrating anticancer and anti-angiogenic properties

NOL4 is Downregulated and Hyper-Methylated in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma Suggesting Its Role as a Tumor Suppressor Gen

Background: Thyroid cancer is the fourth most common cancer in the world. Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) accounts for 80% of all types of thyroid neoplasm. Epigenetic alterations such as DNA methylation are known as the main cause of different types of cancers through inactivation of tumor suppressor genes. Objectives: In the present study, the expression and methylation of suggested gene namely nucleolar protein 4 (NOL4) in PTC in comparison to multi nodular goiter (MNG) have been studied. Methods: Forty-one patients with PTC and 38 patients affected by MNG were recruited. Thyroid tissues were obtained during thyroidectomy. RNA and DNA were extracted from thyroid tissues. Quantitative RT-PCR assay was performed for determining the mRNA level of NOL4 while methylation-sensitive high resolution methylation was applied for assessing the methylation status with designing six pairs primers for six regions on gene promoter which were named from NOL4 (a) to NOL4 (f). Results: Methylation assessment of 81 CpG islands in the promoter region of NOL4 gene revealed that NOL4 (f), the nearest region to the start codon, was significantly hypermethylated in PTC cases compared to MNG cases. NOL4 level in PTC cases in comparison with MNG cases were downregulated. The methylation status and mRNA level of NOL4 (f) were associated with age of diagnosis (Age of the patient at the time of diagnosis), lymph node metastasis, and advanced stages of disease. Conclusions: These data suggested an aberrant promoter hyper-methylation of NOL4 in PTC cases may be linked with its downregulation. Therefore, NOL4 gene can be proposed as a potential tumor suppressor gene in PTC tissues