732 research outputs found
A systematic review and meta-analysis of affective responses to acute high intensity interval exercise compared with continuous moderate- and high-intensity exercise
An Exploratory Look at the Relationship Between Materialistic Values and Goals and Type A Behaviour
Acetyl-CoA synthetase 2 promotes acetate utilization and maintains cancer cell growth under metabolic stress
A functional genomics study revealed that the activity of acetyl-CoA synthetase 2 (ACSS2) contributes to cancer cell growth under low-oxygen and lipid-depleted conditions. Comparative metabolomics and lipidomics demonstrated that acetate is used as a nutritional source by cancer cells in an ACSS2-dependent manner, and supplied a significant fraction of the carbon within the fatty acid and phospholipid pools. ACSS2 expression is upregulated under metabolically stressed conditions and ACSS2 silencing reduced the growth of tumor xenografts. ACSS2 exhibits copy-number gain in human breast tumors, and ACSS2 expression correlates with disease progression. These results signify a critical role for acetate consumption in the production of lipid biomass within the harsh tumor microenvironment
Mock galaxy redshift catalogues from simulations: implications for Pan-STARRS1
We describe a method for constructing mock galaxy catalogues which are well
suited for use in conjunction with large photometric surveys. We use the
semi-analytic galaxy formation model of Bower et al. implemented in the
Millennium simulation. We apply our method to the specific case of the surveys
soon to commence with PS1, the first of 4 telescopes planned for the Pan-STARRS
system. PS1 has 5 photometric bands (grizy), and will carry out an all-sky 3pi
survey and a medium deep survey (MDS) over 84 sq.deg. We calculate the expected
magnitude limits for extended sources in the two surveys. We find that, after 3
years, the 3pi survey will have detected over 10^8 galaxies in all 5 bands, 10
million of which will lie at redshift z>0.9, while the MDS will have detected
over 10^7 galaxies with 0.5 million lying at z>2. These numbers at least double
if detection in the shallowest band, y is not required. We then evaluate the
accuracy of photometric redshifts estimated using an off-the-shelf photo-z
code. With the grizy bands alone it is possible to achieve an accuracy in the
3pi survey of Delta z/(1+z)~0.06 for 0.25<z<0.8, which could be reduced by
about 15% using near infrared photometry from the UKIDDS survey, but would
increase by about 25% for the deeper sample without the y band photometry. For
the MDS an accuracy of Delta z/(1+z)~0.05 is achievable for 0.02<z<1.5 using
grizy. A dramatic improvement in accuracy is possible by selecting only red
galaxies. In this case, Delta z/(1+z)~0.02-0.04 is achievable for ~100 million
galaxies at 0.4<z<1.1 in the 3pi survey and for 30 million galaxies in the MDS
at 0.4<z<2. We investigate the effect of using photo-z in the estimate of the
baryonic acoustic oscillation scale. We find that PS1 will achieve a similar
accuracy in this estimate as a spectroscopic survey of 20 million galaxies.Comment: 23 pages, 18 figures, accepted by MNRA
Designing a course model for distance-based online bioinformatics training in Africa: the H3ABioNet experience
Africa is not unique in its need for basic bioinformatics training for individuals from a diverse
range of academic backgrounds. However, particular logistical challenges in Africa, most
notably access to bioinformatics expertise and internet stability, must be addressed in order
to meet this need on the continent. H3ABioNet (www.h3abionet.org), the Pan African Bioinformatics
Network for H3Africa, has therefore developed an innovative, free-of-charge
"Introduction to Bioinformatics" course, taking these challenges into account as part of its
educational efforts to provide on-site training and develop local expertise inside its network.
A multiple-delivery±mode learning model was selected for this 3-month course in order to
increase access to (mostly) African, expert bioinformatics trainers. The content of the
course was developed to include a range of fundamental bioinformatics topics at the introductory
level. For the first iteration of the course (2016), classrooms with a total of 364
enrolled participants were hosted at 20 institutions across 10 African countries. To ensure
that classroom success did not depend on stable internet, trainers pre-recorded their lectures,
and classrooms downloaded and watched these locally during biweekly contact sessions.
The trainers were available via video conferencing to take questions during contact sessions, as well as via online "question and discussion" forums outside of contact session time. This learning model, developed for a resource-limited setting, could easily be adapted
to other settings.IS
Effects of human footprint and biophysical factors on the body-size structure of fished marine species
Marine fisheries in coastal ecosystems in many areas of the world have historically removed large-bodied individuals, potentially impairing ecosystem functioning and the long-term sustainability of fish populations. Reporting on size-based indicators that link to food-web structure can contribute to ecosystem-based management, but the application of these indicators over large (cross-ecosystem) geographical scales has been limited to either fisheries-dependent catch data or diver-based methods restricted to shallow waters (<20 m) that can misrepresent the abundance of large-bodied fished species. We obtained data on the body-size structure of 82 recreationally or commercially targeted marine demersal teleosts from 2904 deployments of baited remote underwater stereo-video (stereo-BRUV). Sampling was at up to 50 m depth and covered approximately 10,000 km of the continental shelf of Australia. Seascape relief, water depth, and human gravity (i.e., a proxy of human impacts) were the strongest predictors of the probability of occurrence of large fishes and the abundance of fishes above the minimum legal size of capture. No-take marine reserves had a positive effect on the abundance of fishes above legal size, although the effect varied across species groups. In contrast, sublegal fishes were best predicted by gradients in sea surface temperature (mean and variance). In areas of low human impact, large fishes were about three times more likely to be encountered and fishes of legal size were approximately five times more abundant. For conspicuous species groups with contrasting habitat, environmental, and biogeographic affinities, abundance of legal-size fishes typically declined as human impact increased. Our large-scale quantitative analyses highlight the combined importance of seascape complexity, regions with low human footprint, and no-take marine reserves in protecting large-bodied fishes across a broad range of species and ecosystem configurations.publishedVersio
Retraction Notice to: Suppressors of Cytokine Signaling 2 and 3 Diametrically Control Macrophage Polarization
Friday, 8th December 1916
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Patient-specific cancer genes contribute to recurrently perturbed pathways and establish therapeutic vulnerabilities in esophageal adenocarcinoma
Abstract: The identification of cancer-promoting genetic alterations is challenging particularly in highly unstable and heterogeneous cancers, such as esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). Here we describe a machine learning algorithm to identify cancer genes in individual patients considering all types of damaging alterations simultaneously. Analysing 261 EACs from the OCCAMS Consortium, we discover helper genes that, alongside well-known drivers, promote cancer. We confirm the robustness of our approach in 107 additional EACs. Unlike recurrent alterations of known drivers, these cancer helper genes are rare or patient-specific. However, they converge towards perturbations of well-known cancer processes. Recurrence of the same process perturbations, rather than individual genes, divides EACs into six clusters differing in their molecular and clinical features. Experimentally mimicking the alterations of predicted helper genes in cancer and pre-cancer cells validates their contribution to disease progression, while reverting their alterations reveals EAC acquired dependencies that can be exploited in therapy
Germline variation at 8q24 and prostate cancer risk in men of European ancestry
Chromosome 8q24 is a susceptibility locus for multiple cancers, including prostate cancer. Here we combine genetic data across the 8q24 susceptibility region from 71,535 prostate cancer cases and 52,935 controls of European ancestry to define the overall contribution of germline variation at 8q24 to prostate cancer risk. We identify 12 independent risk signals for prostate cancer (p < 4.28 × 10−15), including three risk variants that have yet to be reported. From a polygenic risk score (PRS) model, derived to assess the cumulative effect of risk variants at 8q24, men in the top 1% of the PRS have a 4-fold (95%CI = 3.62–4.40) greater risk compared to the population average. These 12 variants account for ~25% of what can be currently explained of the familial risk of prostate cancer by known genetic risk factors. These findings highlight the overwhelming contribution of germline variation at 8q24 on prostate cancer risk which has implications for population risk stratification
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