Justice in Many Rooms Since Galanter: De-Romanticizing Legal Pluralism Through the Cultural Defense

Sharafi explores the emergence of legal pluralism during 1970s and 80s and discusses its relation in the cultural defense. Legal pluralism was more than a methodological stance intended to help lawyers and anthropologists talk to each other; it was an ideological commitment. In the 1980s, scholars like Marc Galanter and Sally Merry inaugurated the legal-pluralist sequel to the what-is-law debate between legal positivists and natural-law advocate. There are two major changes in the conception of legal pluralism brought about by the works of Galanter and his colleagues. The first was the shift from the understanding of legal pluralism as a plurality of norms administered by the state-the model embodied by Hooker\u27s classic study--to an understanding of a plurality existing beyond the state. The second was an attempt to get beyond Hooker in a geographical sense. Meanwhile, Sharafi asserts that work on the cultural defense has exposed binaries that complicate the earlier division between left-leaning pluralists and legal centralists, adding the feminist-versus-pluralist opposition into the mix

Multiscale Modeling of Smart Materials under Static and Dynamic Thermo-mechanical Loading

Engineering material systems with tailored capabilities are a topic trend in plethora of research. Polymer based Artificial Muscle, PAM, and Shape memory polymer fiber, SMPF, enable structural engineers to incorporate smartness functionality into their design through programming cycles. Smartness functionality leads to the production of artificial muscles with different load carrying capability. SMPF is another category of smart materials, which are capable of being micro-structurally engineered to isolate vibration at different temperature and frequency conditions. The smartness functionality offers the adjustment between inherent properties of these materials with their industrial applications through modeling techniques. Mixture of phenomenological, numerical, mathematical models provides phenomenological Multiscale model to study effect of thermal fluctuation on mechanical response of polymer based artificial muscle. This model provides an insight to the nature of thermo mechanical response at macroscopic scale as well as the theory behind stress-strain evolution over working temperature. Multiscale modeling techniques is applied to study dynamic response through relating the damping and storage properties of a smart material, SMPF, to the stiffness and damping coefficient of a single degree of freedom system, SDOF. Damping coefficient, c, is related to the loss factor and natural frequency of the system; equivalent stiffness, k, is correlated to the storage modulus and geometry of the specimen

Evaluación de diversidad genética molecular de especies de cítricos cultivadas en Irán reveladas por marcadores moleculares SSR, ISSR y CAPS

In this study, genetic diversity in 19 citrus cultivars was analyzed using Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR), Inter-simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) and cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS) markers. Nine primers for SSR, nine ISSR primers and two primers for CAPS were used for allele scoring. One chloroplast DNA region (rbcL-ORF106) and one mitochondrial DNA region (18S-5S) were analyzed using cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS) marker in 19 citrus accessions grown in Iran. In total, 45 SSR and 131 ISSR polymorphic alleles and tree organelle genome types were detected. Cluster analysis of SSR and ISSR data was performed using UPGMA method and based on Jaccard's coefficient. The result of this investigation showed that the SSR and ISSR primers were highly informative and efficient in detecting genetic variability and relationships of the citrus accessions. And CAPS marker analysis Results showed that Bakraee and one of off type Mexican lime had banding pattern similar to Clementine Mandarin, while Pummelo regarded as maternal parent of other studied genotypes Citron regarded as father parent showed definite banding pattern among 19 studied genotypes which it confirmed Cytoplasmic inheritance from mother cellular organelles.En este estudio, se analizó la diversidad genética en 19 cultivares de cítricos mediante la repetición de secuencia simple (SSR), la repetición de secuencia inter-simple (ISSR) y los marcadores de secuencia polimórfica amplificada segmentada (CAPS). Se utilizaron nueve cebadores para SSR, nueve cebadores ISSR y dos cebadores para CAPS para la puntuación del alelo. Se analizaron una región de ADN de cloroplasto (rbcL-ORF106) y una región de ADN mitocondrial (18S-5S) usando marcador de secuencia polimórfica amplificada escindida (CAPS) en 19 accesiones de cítricos cultivadas en Irán. En total, se detectaron 45 genes SSR y 131 ISSR polimórficos alelos y organelos del genoma del árbol. El análisis de conglomerados de los datos SSR y ISSR se realizó utilizando el método UPGMA y se basó en el coeficiente de Jaccard. El resultado de esta investigación mostró que los cebadores SSR e ISSR eran altamente informativos y eficientes para detectar la variabilidad genética y las relaciones de las accesiones de los cítricos. Y el análisis de marcadores de CAPS Los resultados mostraron que Bakraee y uno de tipo off cal mexicana tenían un patrón de bandas similar al Clementine Mandarin, mientras que Pummelo se consideraba como padre materno de otros genotipos estudiados Citron considerado como padre padre mostró un patrón de bandas definido entre 19 genotipos estudiados que confirmó Citoplasma herencia de orgánulos celulares de la madre. &nbsp

A Novel Power-Efficient Wireless Multi-channel Recording System for the Telemonitoring of Electroencephalography (EEG)

This research introduces the development of a novel EEG recording system that is modular, batteryless, and wireless (untethered) with the supporting theoretical foundation in wireless communications and related design elements and circuitry. Its modular construct overcomes the EEG scaling problem and makes it easier for reconfiguring the hardware design in terms of the number and placement of electrodes and type of standard EEG system contemplated for use. In this development, portability, lightweight, and applicability to other clinical applications that rely on EEG data are sought. Due to printer tolerance, the 3D printed cap consists of 61 electrode placements. This recording capacity can however extend from 21 (as in the international 10-20 systems) up to 61 EEG channels at sample rates ranging from 250 to 1000 Hz and the transfer of the raw EEG signal using a standard allocated frequency as a data carrier. The main objectives of this dissertation are to (1) eliminate the need for heavy mounted batteries, (2) overcome the requirement for bulky power systems, and (3) avoid the use of data cables to untether the EEG system from the subject for a more practical and less restrictive setting. Unpredictability and temporal variations of the EEG input make developing a battery-free and cable-free EEG reading device challenging. Professional high-quality and high-resolution analog front ends are required to capture non-stationary EEG signals at microvolt levels. The primary components of the proposed setup are the wireless power transmission unit, which consists of a power amplifier, highly efficient resonant-inductive link, rectification, regulation, and power management units, as well as the analog front end, which consists of an analog to digital converter, pre-amplification unit, filtering unit, host microprocessor, and the wireless communication unit. These must all be compatible with the rest of the system and must use the least amount of power possible while minimizing the presence of noise and the attenuation of the recorded signal A highly efficient resonant-inductive coupling link is developed to decrease power transmission dissipation. Magnetized materials were utilized to steer electromagnetic flux and decrease route and medium loss while transmitting the required energy with low dissipation. Signal pre-amplification is handled by the front-end active electrodes. Standard bio-amplifier design approaches are combined to accomplish this purpose, and a thorough investigation of the optimum ADC, microcontroller, and transceiver units has been carried out. We can minimize overall system weight and power consumption by employing battery-less and cable-free EEG readout system designs, consequently giving patients more comfort and freedom of movement. Similarly, the solutions are designed to match the performance of medical-grade equipment. The captured electrical impulses using the proposed setup can be stored for various uses, including classification, prediction, 3D source localization, and for monitoring and diagnosing different brain disorders. All the proposed designs and supporting mathematical derivations were validated through empirical and software-simulated experiments. Many of the proposed designs, including the 3D head cap, the wireless power transmission unit, and the pre-amplification unit, are already fabricated, and the schematic circuits and simulation results were based on Spice, Altium, and high-frequency structure simulator (HFSS) software. The fully integrated head cap to be fabricated would require embedding the active electrodes into the 3D headset and applying current technological advances to miniaturize some of the design elements developed in this dissertation

Microstructural and Interface Engineering of Garnet-Type Fast Ion-Conductor for Use in Solid-State Batteries

Large-scale adoption of electric vehicles requires batteries with higher energy density, lower cost, and improved safety compared to state-of-the-art (SOA) Li-ion batteries. This dissertation addresses the great-unmet need to develop beyond Li-ion batteries to facilitate the transition to electric power trains. The successful integration of metallic Li anodes into rechargeable batteries will enable a step increase in energy density compared to SOA Li-ion technology. However, the unstable nature of the electrode-electrolyte interface has limited the use of metallic Li anodes when paired with conventional organic solvent-based electrolytes. One approach to stabilize the metallic Li anode interface involves the integration of a solid-state electrolyte (SSE). Theoretical predictions suggest that Li dendrites will not form if a SSE exhibits a shear modulus that is approximately twice the shear modulus of metallic Li (GLi= 4.2 GPa) or higher. This criterion indicates that ceramic Li-ion conducting solid-state electrolytes (SSE) can prevent dendrites. Thus, the development of solid-state batteries using SSE has been overlooked as a potential means to stabilize the metallic Li anode during cycling. The garnet-type Li-ion conductor, Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO), is an example of a SSE that exhibits the unique combination of high Li-ion conductivity (1 mS.cm-1 at 298 K) and stability against metallic Li. Additionally, LLZO has a shear modulus 14 times higher than metallic Li, thus should act as a physical barrier to prevent Li dendrite formation according to computational analysis. However, despite satisfying the shear modulus criterion, Li metal propagation has been observed in polycrystalline LLZO. This dissertation hypothesizes that atomistic and microstructural defects such as porosity, grain boundaries, interfaces, and surface impurities govern the stability of the Li-LLZO interface. The effect of each defect was isolated through ceramic processing and analyzed using a suite of characterization tools such as X-ray diffraction, electron backscatter, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, electron energy loss, acoustic, and Raman spectroscopy, direct current cycling and complex impedance, Vickers indentation, and fracture toughness measurements. The overarching goal of this dissertation was to better understand the phenomena that control the stability of the Li-LLZO interface, quantify the contributions of each defect, and develop engineering approaches to tailor the LLZO microstructure and interface for maximum resistance to Li metal propagation during cycling. The implications of this dissertation could accelerate the development of high energy density solid-state batteries.PHDMechanical EngineeringUniversity of Michigan, Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studieshttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/140865/1/sharafi_1.pd

Comparison of Classical and Clozapine Treatment on Schizophrenia Using Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale of Schizophrenia (PANSS) and SPECT Imaging

Many neuroimaging studies of schizophrenia have shown abnormalities in the frontal cortex, limbic system, basal ganglia, temporal and parietal lobes. These findings are not specific or consistent enough to build up a coherent theory of the origin of the brain abnormality in schizophrenia. This paper describes a state-of-the-art approach of SPECT to correlate neuropsychological evaluation. PANSS scores and different brain focal abnormalities of two groups of patients receiving Clozapine and classical antipsychotic treatments were observed. A total of 20 drug-free patients, actively psychotic schizophrenic, were selected according to the DSM-IV criteria. Pre-Post-treatment was designed using PANSS and 99mTc- ECD-SPECT to assess regional Cerebral Blood Flow (rCBF). The results showed that after treatment, differences in PANSS scores were significant in both groups, with superior scores resulting from the Clozapine therapy. Results were supported by SPECT, which showed a greater improvement in the Clozapine group. Both positive and negative symptoms were improved with Clozapine as well. Before treatment, hypofrontality was the most common (85%) finding, whereas after treatment hypofrontality was mostly cleared. However, in some areas like temporal and caudate, hyperfrontality was induced. Negative symptoms showed linkage to hypofrontality in both groups before and after treatment, and both positive and negative symptoms were improved more with Clozapine therapy than with classical treatment

A survey of the innovation ecosystem in the United Arab Emirates

Abstract. The UAE has long set itself apart from other members of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) by successfully reducing its dependence on oil exports and diversifying its economy to focus on industries such as tourism, media, technology, and real estate. The economy’s innovation capacity expanded when businesses and properties were allowed to be 100pc owned by non-nationals. However, the UAE must learn from its own experiences and those of other nations to further improve its innovation ecosystem, such as by tackling legacy rentier institutions and laws that prevent it from transforming into a fully modern sustainable economy.Keywords. Innovation; Ecosystem; United Arab Emirates.JEL. A10; B10; E10

Microstructure of Super-duplex Stainless Steels

SIGLEAvailable from British Library Document Supply Centre-DSC:D063375 / BLDSC - British Library Document Supply CentreGBUnited Kingdo