DIPLOMASI PARIWISATA INDONESIA DI FORUM G20 DALAM MENINGKATKAN INDUSTRI PARIWISATA PASCA COVID-19

Penelitian dengan judul “Diplomasi Pariwisata Indonesia di Forum G20 dalam Meningkatkan Industri Pariwisata Pasca Covid-19” dilatar belakangi oleh kondisi lumpuhnya pariwisata internasional akibat pandemi Covid-19, khususnya di Indonesia. Covid-19 melumpuhkan seluruh sektor pariwisata di dunia, hal ini disebabkan oleh pembatasan mobilitas dari regulasi lockdown yang diterapkan di seluruh dunia. Sehingga, pariwisata sebagai industri yang paling banyak memanfaatkan kunjungan dari wisatawan merupakan sektor paling terdampak. Indonesia sebagai salah satu negara yang paling mengandalkan industri pariwisatanya, mengalami penurunan kunjungan wisatawan yang sangat drastis akibat dari pandemi Covid-19 ini. Kemudian, KTT G20 yang diselenggarakan di Indonesia menjadi momentum krusial untuk meningkatkan industri pariwisata Indonesia. Dengan menggunakan teori Diplomasi Pariwisata, konsep Pariwisata, dan konsep Politics of Tourism dalam menganalisa dan memahami peristiwa berdasarkan data-data yang ada, penulis mencoba menjawab pertanyaan penelitian “Bagaimana Optimalisasi Presidensi G20 Indonesia Bagi Peningkatan Industri Pariwisata di Indonesia Pasca Covid-19?” Berdasarkan pertanyaan tersrebut, rumusan masalah dikembangkan untuk mengetahui bagaimana upaya Indonesia dalam rangka untuk meningkatkan ketahanan parwisatanya melalui momentumnya sebagai Presidensi G20. Adapun metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini, penulis menggunakan desain pemnelitian kualitatif, teknik pengumpulan data melalui studi pustaka, dan penulis menerapkan model analisis data Creswell, yang mencakup transkripsi data, organisasi data, pembatasan dan pemilahan data, pengkodean data, temuan tematik, pengembangan tema, serta interpretasi dan penyajian temuan. Hasil dari penelitian ini, penulis menemukan bahwa momentum Indonesia sebagai Presidensi G20 berperan penting terhadap industri pariwisata di Indonesia. Upaya diplomasi pariwisata yang dilakukan Indonesia sebagai Presidensi G20 berdampak pada peningkatan industri pariwisata di Indonesia. Kata kunci: G20, Pariwisata, Optimalisasi, Diplomasi Pariwisata, Covid- 19, Momentu

Data from: Niclosamide loaded biodegradable chitosan nanocargoes: an in vitro study for potential application in cancer therapy

Chitosan nanoparticles can advance the pharmacological and therapeutic properties of chemotherapeutic agents by controlling release rates and targeted delivery process, which eliminates the limitations of conventional anti-cancer therapies and they are also safe as well as cost-effective. The aim of present study is to explore the anti-tumour effect of niclosamide in lung and breast cancer cell lines using biocompatible and biodegradable carrier where nanoparticles loaded with hydrophobic drug (niclosamide) were synthesized, characterized and applied as a stable anti-cancer agent. Niclosamide loaded chitosan nanoparticles (Nic-Chi Np's) of size approximately 100–120 nm in diameter containing hydrophobic anti-cancer drug, i.e. niclosamide, were prepared. Physico-chemical characterization confirms that the prepared nanoparticles are spherical, monodispersed and stable in aqueous systems. The therapeutic efficacy of Nic-Chi Np's was evaluated against breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) and human lung cancer cell line (A549). MTT assay reveals the cell viability of the prepared Nic-Chi Np's against A549 and MCF-7 cells and obtained an IC50 value of 8.75 µM and 7.5 µM, respectively. Acridine orange/ethidium bromide dual staining results verified the loss of the majority of the cells by apoptosis. Flow cytometer analysis quantified the generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and signified that exposure to a higher concentration (2 × IC50) of Nic-Chi Np's resulted in elevated ROS generation. Notably, Nic-Chi Np treatment showed more apoptosis and cell death in MCF-7 as compared to A549. Further, the remarkable induction of apoptosis by Nic-Chi Np's was confirmed by semi-quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, scanning electron microscopy and cell-cycle analysis. Thus, Nic-Chi Np's may have a great potential even at low concentration for anti-cancer therapy and may replace or substitute more toxic anti-mitotic drugs in the near future

FTIR spectra of (a) Nic@Chi Np’s, (b) Chitosan nanoparticles (void), (c) Niclosamide drug alone.

Figure S6. FTIR spectra of (a) Nic@Chi Np’s, (b) Chitosan nanoparticles (void), (c) Niclosamide drug alone

Enhanced antineoplastic/therapeutic efficacy using 5-fluorouracil-loaded calcium phosphate nanoparticles

In the past few decades, the successful theranostic application of nanomaterials in drug delivery systems has significantly improved the antineoplastic potency of conventional anticancer therapy. Several mechanistic advantages of nanomaterials, such as enhanced permeability, retention, and low toxicity, as well as surface engineering with targeting moieties, can be used as a tool in enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of current approaches. Inorganic calcium phosphate nanoparticles have the potential to increase the therapeutic potential of antiproliferative drugs due to their excellent loading efficiency, biodegradable nature and controlled-release behaviour. Herein, we report a novel system of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-loaded calcium phosphate nanoparticles (CaP@5-FU NPs) synthesized via a reverse micelle method. The formation of monodispersed, spherical, crystalline nanoparticles with an approximate diameter of 160–180 nm was confirmed by different methods. The physicochemical characterization of the synthesized CaP@5-FU NPs was done with transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The antineoplastic potential of the CaP@5-FU NPs against colorectal and lung cancer cells was reported. The CaP@5-FU NPs were found to inhibit half the population (IC50) of lung adenocarcinoma (A549) cells at 32 μg/mL and colorectal (HCT-15) cancer cells at 48.5 μg/mL treatment. The apoptotic induction of CaP@5-FU NPs was confirmed with acridine orange/ethidium bromide (AO/EB) staining and by examining the morphological changes with Hoechst and rhodamine B staining in a time-dependent manner. The apparent membrane bleb formation was observed in FE-SEM micrographs. The up-regulated proapoptotic and down-regulated antiapoptotic gene expressions were further confirmed with semiquantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The increased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) were quantified via flow cytometry upon CaP@5-FU NP treatment. Likewise, the cell cycle analysis was performed to confirm the enhanced apoptotic induction. Our study concludes that the calcium phosphate nanocarriers system, i.e. CaP@5-FU NPs, has higher antineoplastic potential as compared to 5-FU alone and can be used as an improved alternative to the antimitotic drug, which causes severe side effects when administrated alone

Forward and reverse primer sequences for various apoptotic signaling genes.

Table S1. Forward and reverse primer sequences for various apoptotic signaling genes

Dynamic light scattering experiment

Figure S1. Dynamic light scattering experiment showing size and size distribution of void chitosan nanoparticles (VCN)

FE-SEM image of Nic@Chi Np’s and colour coded SEM/EDX dot maps after incubation of Nic@Chi Np’s in cancer cells.

Figure S4. FE-SEM image of Nic@Chi Np’s and colour coded SEM/EDX dot maps after incubation of Nic@Chi Np’s in cancer cells. (A) Overlay FE-SEM image depicting elemental distributions in Nic@Chi Np’s after internalization into cancer cells. (a-d): Individual elemental distribution (red for carbon, dark green for Oxygen, olive green for nitrogen and indigo for chlorine ). (B) Elemental Spectrum of Nic@Chi Np’s

Electrospun Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) Templated 2D Nanofibrous Mats: A Platform toward Practical Applications for Dye Removal and Bacterial Disinfection

The fabrication of polymeric nanofibers and its potential versatility instigated to foster smart hybrid nanomaterials for the removal of environmental pollutants. In this pursuit, in this research work, polyacrylonitrile (PAN)-based two-dimensional (2D) nanofibrous mats with polyethyleneimine (PEI)/Fe and quaternary ammonium (QA)/Fe as hybrid fillers were prepared by the electrospinning process for the effective dye removal and bacterial disinfection. The characteristics of the fabricated nanomaterials were extensively explored by several analytical techniques such as field emission-scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analysis. Magnetic and thermal properties were investigated by superconducting quantum interference device and thermogravimetric measurements. The kinetic and isothermal models affirmed the adsorption behavior of the PAN–PEI/Fe nanofibers, and further regenerative studies substantiated the sustainability of the mats for the removal of industrial dye effluents. Subsequently, the magnetic-QA-loaded PAN nanofiber mats exhibited bactericidal killing efficacy of 99 and 89.5% in both Staphylococcus aureus and green fluorescence protein expressing Escherichia coli bacterial models evaluated from the conventional quantitative bacterial colony-counting assay. Disk diffusion method and microscopic investigations corroborated the disinfection efficacy with zone of inhibitions of ∼23 and 33 mm, respectively. Interestingly, in vitro cell culture studies conducted in BHK-21 and NIH 3T3 cell lines demonstrated the cytocompatibility, and the in vivo toxicity investigations using the zebrafish models necessitated the real-time application of these nanofibrous mats. Therefore, the comprehensive study of the fabricated PAN-templated functionalized 2D nanofibrous mats affirmed to be competent for the remediation of industrial dye effluents and bacteria in water bodies

EDAX spectrum and elemental composition

Fig. S3 EDAX spectrum and elemental composition of Nic@Chi Np’