Research Of Call-Center Operation Indices On The Bases Of Queueing Theory And Simulation Models

The increase of road traffic in the European Union focuses for creating intelligent transportation systems of traffic control in local, urban and regional level. The possibility of using acoustic sensors for traffic intensity measurements are discussed in this article. Acoustic signal detector, such as an ordinary household microphone, is used as the most inexpensive sensor version for stationary and mobile traffic surveillance systems. The acoustic signals records from different types of road vehicles in various weather conditions examples are described here. The simplified modification of acoustic microphone’s signals spectral processing algorithm and noise filtering are solved. Detection of moving road vehicles results, using records for their acoustic signals, is also discussed here. The restrictions of using acoustic sensors to estimate traffic parameters are established

An introduction to trade law and environmental law

Trade Law and Environmental Law have always been hot issues at both local and international conferences. This is because they not only deal with hard economic but also man as a human being. Because human issues are involved, policies on environment and trade need to be scrutinised in order to avoid depletion of natural resources and the destruction of Mother Nature for the good of future generations

Forms and methods of monitoring and assessment of the results of educational practice within professional module

Формы и методы контроля и оценки результатов обучения должны позволять проверять у обучающихся сформированность общих и профессиональных компетенций. Оценка профессиональной компетентности нуждается в комплексном подходе, интегрировании оценочных средств и методов. Поэтому необходимо максимально приближать учебную деятельность студента к профессиональным выполняемым заданиям.Forms and methods of control and assessment of learning results should allow to check the students' formation of general and professional competencies. The assessment of professional competence needs a comprehensive approach, integrating assessment tools and methods. Therefore, it is necessary to bring the learning activities of students nearer to professional tasks

Профспілки як суб'єкти соціального партнерства на стороні працівників

The signifi cance of the trade unions as subjects of labour law is investigated, their place in social partnership is identifi ed. The gaps in legal regulation of status of trade unions in the domestic labour law are distinguished and ways to overcome them are suggested. The proposals to improve labour laws, regulating of trade union epresentation in the social partnership, are developed

Правовой статус организации работодателей как субъектов трудового права

Проведений аналіз чинного законодавства, що регулює правовий статус організацій (об'єднань) роботодавців, визначені недоліки та прогалини у ньому. Досліджений закордонний досвід правового регулювання організацій роботодавців. Розроблені пропозиції щодо вдосконалення регулювання правового статусу організацій та об'єднань організацій роботодавців у вітчизняному законодавстві.The current legislation governing the legal status of employers' organizations (unions) is analyzed, the lacks and gaps in it are noted. The foreign experience of legal regulation of employers' organizations is studied. The propositions to improve regulation of the legal status of employers' organizations and their associations in the domestic legislation are developed.Проведен анализ действующего законодательства, регулирующего правовой статус организаций (объединений) работодателей, отмечены недостатки и пробелы в нем. Исследован зарубежный опыт правового регулирования организаций работодателей. Разработаны предложения по совершенствованию регулирования правового статуса организаций и объединений организаций работодателей в отечественном законодательстве

Ionic Liquids to Replace Hydrazine

A method for developing safe, easy-to-handle propellants has been developed based upon ionic liquids (ILs) or their eutectic mixtures. An IL is a binary combination of a typically organic cation and anion, which generally produces an ionic salt with a melting point below 100 deg C. Many ILs have melting points near, or even below, room temperature (room temperature ionic liquids, RTILs). More importantly, a number of ILs have a positive enthalpy of formation. This means the thermal energy released during decomposition reactions makes energetic ILs ideal for use as propellants. In this specific work, to date, a baseline set of energetic ILs has been identified, synthesized, and characterized. Many of the ILs in this set have excellent performance potential in their own right. In all, ten ILs were characterized for their enthalpy of formation, density, melting point, glass transition point (if applicable), and decomposition temperature. Enthalpy of formation was measured using a microcalorimeter designed specifically to test milligram amounts of energetic materials. Of the ten ILs characterized, five offer higher Isp performance than hydrazine, ranging between 10 and 113 seconds higher than the state-of-the-art propellant. To achieve this level of performance, the energetic cations 4- amino-l,2,4-triazolium and 3-amino-1,2,4-triazolium were paired with various anions in the nitrate, dicyanamide, chloride, and 3-nitro-l,2,4-triazole families. Protonation, alkylation, and butylation synthesis routes were used for creation of the different salts

Understanding the structural disorganization of starch in water-ionic liquid solutions

Using synchrotron X-ray scattering analyses and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, this work provides insights into the solvent effects of water : [C2mim][OAc] solutions on the disorganization of a starch semi-crystalline structure. When a certain ratio (10.2 : 1 mol/mol) of water : [C2mim][OAc] solution is used, the preferential hydrogen bonding between starch hydroxyls and [OAc]− anions results in the breakage of the hydrogen bonding network of starch and thus the disruption of starch lamellae. This greatly facilitates the disorganization of starch, which occurs much easier than in pure water. In contrast, when 90.8 : 1 (mol/mol) water : [C2mim][OAc] solution is used, the interactions between [OAc]− anions and water suppress the solvent effects on starch, thereby making the disorganization of starch less easy than in pure water. All these differences can be shown by changes in the lamellar and fractal structures: firstly, a preferable increase in the thickness of the crystalline lamellae rather than that of the amorphous lamellae causes an overall increase in the thickness of the semi-crystalline lamellae; then, the amorphous lamellae start to decrease probably due to the out-phasing of starch molecules from them; this forms a fractal gel on a larger scale (than the lamellae) which gradually decreases to a stable value as the temperature increases further. It is noteworthy that these changes occur at temperatures far below the transition temperature that is thermally detectable as is normally described. This hints to our future work that using certain aqueous ionic liquids for destructuration of the starch semi-crystalline structure is the key to realize green processes to obtain homogeneous amorphous materials

Different characteristic effects of ageing on starch-based films plasticised by 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate and by glycerol

The focus of this study was on the effects of plasticisers (the ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate, or [Emim][OAc]; and glycerol) on the changes of starch structure on multiple length scales, and the variation in properties of plasticised starch-based films, during ageing. The films were prepared by a simple melt compression moulding process, followed by storage at different relative humidity (RH) environments. Compared with glycerol, [Emim][OAc] could result in greater homogeneity in [Emim][OAc]-plasticised starch-based films (no gel-like aggregates and less molecular order (crystallites) on the nano-scale). Besides, much weaker starch-starch interactions but stronger starch-[Emim][OAc] interactions at the molecular level led to reduced strength and stiffness but increased flexibility of the films. More importantly, [Emim][OAc] (especially at high content) was revealed to more effectively maintain the plasticised state during ageing than glycerol: the densification (especially in the amorphous regions) was suppressed; and the structural characteristics especially on the nano-scale were stabilised (especially at a high RH), presumably due to the suppressed starch molecular interactions by [Emim][OAc] as confirmed by Raman spectroscopy. Such behaviour contributed to stabilised mechanical properties. Nonetheless, the crystallinity and thermal stability of starch-based films with both plasticisers were much less affected by ageing and moisture uptake during storage (42 days), but mostly depended on the plasticiser type and content. As starch is a typical semi-crystalline bio-polymer containing abundant hydroxyl groups and strong hydrogen bonding, the findings here could also be significant in creating materials from other similar biopolymers with tailored sensitivity and properties to the environment