Pedagogical Problems of Creating English Textbooks

In this article requirements of creating texts of communication in pupils` books of secondary schools. Mainly, this need can be met as a result of the formation of skills to create a communicative text in a consistent manner in the learning process. To do this, it is important to focus the content of learning tasks, exercises, didactic processes in the learning process on the formation of the student's ability to create a communicative text

PEDAGOGICAL PROBLEMS OF CREATING ENGLISH TEXTBOOKS

In this article requirements of creating texts of communication in pupils` books of secondary schools. Mainly, this need can be met as a result of the formation of skills to create a communicative text in a consistent manner in the learning process. To do this, it is important to focus the content of learning tasks, exercises, didactic processes in the learning process on the formation of the student's ability to create a communicative text

Multiscale phonon thermal transport in nano-porous silicon

We performed a comprehensive multi-scale phonon-mediated thermal transport study of nano-porous silicon (np-Si) films with average porosities in the range of φ = 30%-70%. This depth-resolved thermal characterization involves a combination of optical methods, including femtosecond laser-based time-domain thermo-reflectance (TDTR) with MHz modulation rates, opto-thermal micro-Raman spectroscopy, and continuum laser wave-based frequency domain thermo-reflectance (FDTR) with kHz modulation rates probing depths of studied samples over 0.5-1.2, 2-3.2, and 23-34 μm, respectively. We revealed a systematic decrease in thermal conductivity ( k ) with the rise of φ , i.e., with the lowering of the Si crystalline phase volumetric fraction. These data were used to validate our semi-classical phonon Monte Carlo and finite element mesh simulations of heat conduction, taking into account disordered geometry configurations with various φ and pore size, as well as laser-induced temperature distributions, respectively. At high φ , the decrease in k is additionally influenced by the disordering of the crystal structure, as evidenced by the near-surface sensitive TDTR and Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy measurements. Importantly, the k values measured by FDTR over larger depths inside np-Si were found to be anisotropic and lower than those detected by the near-surface sensitive TDTR and Raman thermal probes. This finding is supported by the cross-sectional scanning electron microscopy image indicating enhanced φ distribution over these micrometer-scale probed depths. Our study opens an avenue for nano-to-micrometer scale thermal depth profiling of porous semiconducting media with inhomogeneous porosity distributions applicable for efficient thermoelectric and thermal management.</p