Immunity and Immunopathology in acute viral infections

Herpetic stromal keratitis (HSK) is an immunopathological and tissue destructive corneal lesion caused by herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection, which induces an intense inflammatory response and finally leads to blindness. Accumulating evidence using the murine model has shown that Th-1 phenotype CD4+ T cells orchestrating the inflammation mainly contribute to the immunopathological reaction in HSV-1 infected cornea. Initially various innate immune cells recruit and produce numerous inflammatory and angiogenic molecules into the corneal stroma those in turn drive the corneal immunopathology. While the basic principles of immunity to the influenza A viruses (IAV) are probably similar for all vertebrates, detailed understanding is based largely on experiments in laboratory mice. Virus clearance is normally mediated via CD8+ effector T cells but, in their absence, the class-switched antibody response can ultimately achieve the same goal. Influenza virus-specific plasma cells and CD8+ T cells persist in the long term and the recall of the CD8+ T cell response can lead to earlier virus clearance. The first part (Part I) of this dissertation focuses on the understanding of HSV-1 induced immunoinflammatory processes in the cornea and the secondary lymphoid tissues and the involvement of immuno-modulatory mechanisms following acute viral infections such as HSV and IAV. The next three parts (Part II-IV) focus on different inflammatory and counter-inflammatory mechanisms that are activated following acute viral infections. Results in Part II evaluate the role of small molecule inhibitors of VEGFR2/src kinase inhibitors in controlling the progression of the inflammatory lesions after ocular HSV infection. Results of the third section show that the host counter inflammatory mechanisms inhibit tissue damage but these may also act to constrain the effectiveness of immunity to acute infections. The fourth section describes the functional significance of HVEM expression on regulatory T cell in their expansion following HSV-1 infection. In this study, experiments were designed to understand the mechanisms involved in the regulation of immunity and resultant immunopathology using HSV-1 and IAV as the model systems and that modulation of these processes can enhance immune response and diminish immunopathology following acute infections

Structural and magnetic properties of epitaxial rare-earth cobalt thin films

With the ever increasing demand for beyond-state-of-the magnets, which could also serve in extreme conditions, it is crucial to reduce the dependence on the critical rare-earths and explore new materials or material designs. The cobalt rich compositions of the rare-earth (R) cobalt intermetallic systems offer the combined advantages of a strong magnetocrystalline anisotropy and a high saturation magnetization, well above room temperature. This work focuses on investigating thin films of R-Co intermetallics as model systems for designing the materials at the nanoscale, understanding the magnetic hardness mechanisms and developing more sustainable magnetic systems. The technique of molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) is utilized to investigate the thin film phase diagrams of lesser critical (Y and Sm), and abundant (Ce) rare-earth cobalt based systems. The growth window of buffer-free (00l) oriented R2Co17 and RCo5 thin films onto (001)-Al2O3 substrate are explored. With the manipulation of individual atomic beams, MBE enables a fine tuning of the stoichiometry, whereby it was possible to stabilize not only the individual phases of Y2Co17 and YCo5 but also a nanocomposite of these phases. The Y2Co17 film has an easy-plane anisotropy matching well to bulk single crystal while the YCo5 film exhibits a perpendicular anisotropy. As a result of exchange coupling of the Y2Co17 phase to the YCo5 phase, the nanocomposite films also shows perpendicular anisotropy. The outcome of a uniaxial anisotropy induced in an easy-plane material of Y2Co17, and hence, the resulting coercivity, shows a potential way of broadening the class of materials useful for permanent magnets. Furthermore, we were able to fabricate CeCo5 thin films with a saturation magnetization of 500 emu/cm3, a perpendicular anisotropy of 0.44 MJ/m3 and coercivity of 2.74 kOe, which are the highest reported so far for the thin films. An extremely large perpendicular anisotropy of 1.67 MJ/m3 is achieved SmCo5 thin film without the use of any buffer layers. The atomic scale resolution of the film revealed that the SmCo5 phase grows perfectly c-axis oriented on the (001)-Al2O3 substrate, however, with possible traces of the Sm2Co17. The result of a perpendicular anisotropy obtained in single layer of RCo5 phase make them interesting for magnetic recording and spintronic applications. In view of tuning the magnetocrystalline anisotropy of a compound by strain introduced by chemical substitution, thin films of yttrium substituted cerium (Y,Ce)Co5 intermetallics are investigated. We observed that the structural and magnetic properties of (Y1−xCex)Co5 films show a non-linear dependence on Ce content, x which is supposedly due to a varying chemical valence the Ce ion. The absolute values vary, but a similar trend in the lattice parameters and magnetization is also observed in the bulk single crystals

Viral Marketing in Social Network Using Data Mining

Data mining is a process of analyzing data from different perspectives and summarizing it into useful information .The proposed work focus on clustering application which is "Collaborative Data mining "which mines different subgroups from some networks in the form of graph such as a social network. In this work using social network, two type of clusters are developed using data mining algorithms, one having strong tie and other having a weak tie between members and then the cluster with strong tie is used for discovering the highly influential node for viral advertising using target marketing to increase the profit with less advertising expense

Evaluation of short term outcome on distal femoral fractures using distal femoral nail: revisiting the technique

Background: Distal femoral fractures account for 6 to 7% of all femur fractures. Ideal treatment of these fractures demands indirect reduction as well as stable fixation by implant which could tolerate the stress and strain forces till healing of fracture. Distal femoral nailing fullfils these demands.Methods: Fifteen patients with seventeen fractures were treated by this method as a prospective study at the tertiary care institute in north india. Patients were evaluated  post operatively with average follow up duration of 45.59±15.99 weeks.Results: 88% of the patients were having associated trauma. Male/female ratio was 9/8. Mean delay in surgery was 21.86±23.85 days (1-64 days). Reduction was satisfactory in all patients. Average hospital stay was 18.71±8.23 days (6-34 days). Clinical union was seen in 16 out of 17 fractures by the end of six months with average period of 4.19±0.83 months. Radiological union lagged behind clinical union with average of 5.14±0.44 months. Post operatively 5 patients with delayed union needed dynamization, 2 needed  bone grafting . One case of non union was seen. There were two cases of  infection requiring debridement. Average knee flexion was 90.35±22.95degree (50-130 degree). Average extension lag was 3.88±2.88 degree (0-10 degree). Sanders function evaluation scale at final follow up showed 11.8% excellent, 47.2% good, 23.6% fair and 17.6% poor result.Conclusions: Distal femoral nailing has good results in distal femur fracture  as the fixation is more biological and stable allowing early healing and better outcom

Biancijev kozmološki model tipa I s ukočenom tekućinom, naherenošću i volumnom viskoznošću u općoj relativnosti

Bianchi type-I stiff-fluid tilted cosmological model with bulk viscosity is investigated. To get the deterministic model of the universe, we have assumed that the universe is filled with a stiff fluid, a condition A = (BC) n between the metric potentials A, B, C and ζθ =constant, where ζ is the coefficient of bulk viscosity, θ the expansion and n is a constant. The physical and geometrical aspects of the model in the presence and absence of bulk viscosity are discussed.Istražujemo Bianchijev kozmološki model tipa I s ukočenom tekućinom, naherenošću i volumnom viskoznošću. Radi postizanja određenosti, pretpostavlja se da je svemir ispunjen ukočenom tekućinom, tj. da vrijedi A = (BC) n za metričke potencijale A, B, C te ζθ = konst., gdje je ζ koeficijent volumne viskoznosti, θ širenje a n je stalnica. Raspravljaju se fizička i geometrijska svojstva modela s i bez viskoznosti

Migrating Packet Dropping in Mobile Ad-hoc Network Based on Modified ACK-Based Scheme

Dynamic topology and infrastructure less behavior provide a great facility for adhoc network. Such facility generates easy connection of adhoc network and provides node mobility without loss of connection. In such ability packet dropping is a serious challenge for quality performance of adhoc network. The adhoc network suffered some serious security threats such attacks are black hole attack, malicious attack and worm hole attack that attack occurred a packet dropping problem in adhoc network. For the minimization of attack and packet dropping various authors built various method such method is node authentication, passive feedback scheme, ack-based scheme, reputation based scheme and incentive based scheme, ack-based scheme suffered a problem of massive overhead due to extra acknowledgment  packet and it also suffered decision ambiguity if the requested node refuse to send back Acknowledgment. In this dissertation we uses modified ack-based scheme using secure channel for overcoming the problem of decision ambiguity for requested node, improved node authentication and minimize packet dropping in adhoc network. Keywords mobile ad-hoc network, routing misbehaviour, AODV routing protocol, ACK based approach, network security

Biancijev kozmološki model tipa I s ukočenom tekućinom, naherenošću i volumnom viskoznošću u općoj relativnosti

Bianchi type-I stiff-fluid tilted cosmological model with bulk viscosity is investigated. To get the deterministic model of the universe, we have assumed that the universe is filled with a stiff fluid, a condition A = (BC) n between the metric potentials A, B, C and ζθ =constant, where ζ is the coefficient of bulk viscosity, θ the expansion and n is a constant. The physical and geometrical aspects of the model in the presence and absence of bulk viscosity are discussed.Istražujemo Bianchijev kozmološki model tipa I s ukočenom tekućinom, naherenošću i volumnom viskoznošću. Radi postizanja određenosti, pretpostavlja se da je svemir ispunjen ukočenom tekućinom, tj. da vrijedi A = (BC) n za metričke potencijale A, B, C te ζθ = konst., gdje je ζ koeficijent volumne viskoznosti, θ širenje a n je stalnica. Raspravljaju se fizička i geometrijska svojstva modela s i bez viskoznosti

“Reducing Packet Loss in MANET”

Dynamic topology and infrastructure less behaviour provide a great facility for adhoc network. Such facility generates easy connection of adhoc network and provides node mobility without loss of connection. In such ability packet dropping is a serious challenge for quality performance of adhoc network. The adhoc network suffered some serious security therats such attacks are black hole attack, malicious attack and worm hole attack that attack occurred a packet dropping problem in adhoc network. For the minimization of attack and packet dropping various authors built various method such method is node authentication, passive feedback scheme, ack-based scheme,reputation based scheme and incentive based scheme, ack-based scheme suffered a problem of massive overhead due to extra acknowledgment  packet and it also suffered decision ambiguity if the requested node refuse to send back Acknowledgment. In this dissertation we uses modified ack-based scheme using secure channel for overcoming the problem of decision ambiguity for requested node, improved node authentication and minimize packet dropping in adhoc network. Keywords- mobile ad-hoc network, routing misbehaviour, AODV routing protocol, ACK based approach, network security

A Review on COVID-19 Mediated Impacts and Risk Mitigation Strategies for Dental Health Professionals

AbstractIn the light of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), dentistry is facing unprecedented challenges. The closure of clinics has impacted dental health professionals (DHPs) not only financially but also psychologically. In this review, these consequences are discussed in detail to highlight the challenges that DHPs are facing thus far, in both developing and developed nations. Compromised mental health among DHPs is an important area that requires attention during this difficult period. Although, in previous pandemics, dentists have not worked on the frontline, the article discusses how their wide range of skillsets can be leveraged if another wave of COVID-19 pandemic appears. Finally, guidelines to reopen clinics and patient management have been discussed in detail that could serve as a quick reference guide for DHPs