THE CASE OF CUTANEOUS ANTHRAX

A case of the disease in the skin form of anthrax which was held with discrete toksoinfektsionnym syndrome, but with characteristic skin manifestations, etiology, and ended proven recovery

Differential Actions of Chlorhexidine on the Cell Wall of Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli

Chlorhexidine is a chlorinated phenolic disinfectant used commonly in mouthwash for its action against bacteria. However, a comparative study of the action of chlorhexidine on the cell morphology of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria is lacking. In this study, the actions of chlorhexidine on the cell morphology were identified with the aids of electron microscopy. After exposure to chlorhexidine, numerous spots of indentation on the cell wall were found in both Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli. The number of indentation spots increased with time of incubation and increasing chlorhexidine concentration. Interestingly, the dented spots found in B. subtilis appeared mainly at the hemispherical caps of the cells, while in E. coli the dented spots were found all over the cells. After being exposed to chlorhexidine for a prolonged period, leakage of cellular contents and subsequent ghost cells were observed, especially from B subtilis. By using 2-D gel/MS-MS analysis, five proteins related to purine nucleoside interconversion and metabolism were preferentially induced in the cell wall of E. coli, while three proteins related to stress response and four others in amino acid biosynthesis were up-regulated in the cell wall materials of B. subtilis. The localized morphological damages together with the biochemical and protein analysis of the chlorhexidine-treated cells suggest that chlorhexidine may act on the differentially distributed lipids in the cell membranes/wall of B. subtilis and E. coli

The RESET project: constructing a European tephra lattice for refined synchronisation of environmental and archaeological events during the last c. 100 ka

This paper introduces the aims and scope of the RESET project (. RESponse of humans to abrupt Environmental Transitions), a programme of research funded by the Natural Environment Research Council (UK) between 2008 and 2013; it also provides the context and rationale for papers included in a special volume of Quaternary Science Reviews that report some of the project's findings. RESET examined the chronological and correlation methods employed to establish causal links between the timing of abrupt environmental transitions (AETs) on the one hand, and of human dispersal and development on the other, with a focus on the Middle and Upper Palaeolithic periods. The period of interest is the Last Glacial cycle and the early Holocene (c. 100-8 ka), during which time a number of pronounced AETs occurred. A long-running topic of debate is the degree to which human history in Europe and the Mediterranean region during the Palaeolithic was shaped by these AETs, but this has proved difficult to assess because of poor dating control. In an attempt to move the science forward, RESET examined the potential that tephra isochrons, and in particular non-visible ash layers (cryptotephras), might offer for synchronising palaeo-records with a greater degree of finesse. New tephrostratigraphical data generated by the project augment previously-established tephra frameworks for the region, and underpin a more evolved tephra 'lattice' that links palaeo-records between Greenland, the European mainland, sub-marine sequences in the Mediterranean and North Africa. The paper also outlines the significance of other contributions to this special volume: collectively, these illustrate how the lattice was constructed, how it links with cognate tephra research in Europe and elsewhere, and how the evidence of tephra isochrons is beginning to challenge long-held views about the impacts of environmental change on humans during the Palaeolithic. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd.RESET was funded through Consortium Grants awarded by the Natural Environment Research Council, UK, to a collaborating team drawn from four institutions: Royal Holloway University of London (grant reference NE/E015905/1), the Natural History Museum, London (NE/E015913/1), Oxford University (NE/E015670/1) and the University of Southampton, including the National Oceanography Centre (NE/01531X/1). The authors also wish to record their deep gratitude to four members of the scientific community who formed a consultative advisory panel during the lifetime of the RESET project: Professor Barbara Wohlfarth (Stockholm University), Professor Jørgen Peder Steffensen (Niels Bohr Institute, Copenhagen), Dr. Martin Street (Romisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum, Neuwied) and Professor Clive Oppenheimer (Cambridge University). They provided excellent advice at key stages of the work, which we greatly valued. We also thank Jenny Kynaston (Geography Department, Royal Holloway) for construction of several of the figures in this paper, and Debbie Barrett (Elsevier) and Colin Murray Wallace (Editor-in-Chief, QSR) for their considerable assistance in the production of this special volume.Peer Reviewe

CHLORHEXIDINE GLUCONATE-INDUCED MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN GRAM NEGATIVE MICROORGANISMS

ABSTRAC

THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF ADVANCING METHODS OF FORECASTING STRENGTH OF KUZBASS ROCKS

Principles and methods of forecasting the strength of rocks by the values of the rate of propagation of ultrasonic waves and by the complex of geophysical parameters obtained during geological surveying have been developed thus permitting to essentially reduce the volume of laboratory tests of rocks by using conventional methods. The use of the results (by State Geological Surveying Trust "Kuzbassuglerazvedka", Joint-Stock Company "Concern Kuzbassshakhtostroi", "Leninskugol", "Severokuzbassugol", "Kuzbassgyproshakht") has permitted to reduce the labour content and cost of work associated with determination of the strength 1,5 to 2 times, and to increase the prediction the accuracyAvailable from VNTIC / VNTIC - Scientific & Technical Information Centre of RussiaSIGLERURussian Federatio

The influence of the ratio of dimensions of rock samples on their tensile strength

Annotation In the work, studies were carried out on the effect of the dimensions of rock samples and the shape of their end faces on the tensile strength limits. Sandstones, aleurolites and their interlayers were tested. The core diameter was 36-78 mm, prevailing 50-70 mm. Rocks are mainly me- dium- and fine-grained. The fracture of cores into pieces took place along thin layers of carbonaceous materials, aleurolites, cracks and cleavage, in places of accumulation and plaque of carbonaceous, carbonate and other weak substances in the form of continuous films, scattered spots and debris. All tests were carried out on the press in accordance with the recommenda- tions of the current GOST, samples were divided by applying a load along the generatrix. It was found that the tensile strength of the test samples var- ied from 0.15 to 21 MPa. The results obtained proved conclusively that cores can be used to solve production and technical problems without pre- liminary treatment of their end surfaces at the ratio of heights to diameters from 0.31 to 1.6. This will allow to increase the volume of tests of samples taken in wells by 60%, and obtain reliable information and thus more fully and reliably substantiate geomechanical conditions, Attachment and protec- tion of mine workings and optimal angles of slopes of quarry sides and ledges at open method of coal mining. This issue has been little studied and requires further research in every geological-economic region of Kuzbass

Conditions of Geotechnological Feasibility of Mineral Reserves

The evaluation of a deposit and mining project is a continuous process rather than a single act. Changes in budget, evaluation criteria, or in the area of costs and incomes may change results valid up to now and the views on using a deposit. Geological quantities are measurable with the help of geological conclusions and engineering calculations. Raw material reserves and their quality are defined as a substance that can be recovered with profit through current technologies and prices. This definition can result in two misunderstandings: geological reserves and the quality of raw materials are understood as variables not connected with mining activities. However, the quantity and quality of remaining reserves depends on changes in our geological knowledge, changing economic conditions, as well as on the exhaustion of reserves. The quantity of reserves and value of the cut-off grade depends not only on geological factors but also upon the methods of deposit extraction, costs and prices