Family caregiver burden in mental illnesses: The case of affective disorders and schizophrenia - a qualitative exploratory study

BACKGROUND: Caregivers of people with mental illnesses often experience a wide range of burdens. Although many studies have confirmed burdens among family caregivers of mentally ill relatives in general, specific knowledge regarding the concrete everyday hassle and existential sorrows from the caregiverś subjective reasoning perspective is lacking. Furthermore, there is little evidence on the possible different effects of affective disorders and schizophrenia on the quality of burden; this is also true with regard to the role of cultural traditions and lay beliefs. AIMS: The aim of this study was to explore the specific burdens experienced by caregivers of patients with schizophrenia and affective disorders. METHODS: A qualitative study was conducted by semi-structured interviews with 45 caregivers of patients with schizophrenia and affective disorders. Data were analysed by qualitative content analysis. RESULTS: Eleven encumbering themes resulted from the interviews including incertitude, unawareness, emotional burden, stigma and blame, financial burden, physical burden, restriction in routine, disruption in routine, dissatisfaction with family, relatives, and acquaintances, troubles with patients' adherence to medication, and problems with health services and governmental support. CONCLUSIONS: Caring for a person with mental illness affects caregivers emotionally, financially, physically, and it elicits some restrictions in their routine (daily hassles). Finally, it causes conflicts in family relationships. Despite some differences regarding perceived burden among caregivers of schizophrenia and affective disorders, a common pattern of burden could be identified. Thus, authorities should provide adequate financial, educational, and psychosocial supports for caregivers of mental illnesses

Probabilistic non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risk assessments (Monte Carlo simulation method) of the measured acrylamide content in Tah-dig using QuEChERS extraction and UHPLC-MS/MS

A modified �Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe� QuEChERS in combination with Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method was optimized for the determination of acrylamide content in different types of tah-dig (rice, bread, and potato). Also, the non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks (target hazard quotient (THQ) and incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR)) due to ingestion of acrylamide via tah-dig in the adults and children were assessed by Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) method. The recoveries of acrylamide at five concentration levels (n = 3) ranged from 83.82 to 106.41. The repeatability of the proposed method was demonstrated with RSD in the range of 11.3�20. In addition, the limits of detection and quantification were reported as 5 ngg�1 and 15 ngg�1, respectively. The mean levels of the acrylamide contents in rice tah-dig, bread tah-dig, and potato tah-dig were measured as 24.65 ngg�1, 39.48 ngg�1, and 714.11 ngg�1, respectively. The highest acrylamide content was determined in potato tah-dig (2100 ngg�1) and the lowest acrylamide in rice tah-dig (�LOQ). Based on the conducted risk assessment, the P (95) of cumulative probability in the MCS method, the lowest and highest THQ was observed in the adults (ingestion bread tah-dig: 1.29E-2), and children (ingestion potato tah-dig: 1.90E+00), respectively. Additionally, the lowest and highest ILCR were reported in adults (ingestion bread tah-dig: 1.29E-5) and children (ingestion potato tah-dig: 7.49E-3), respectively. The rank order of type tah-dig based on THQ and ILCR for all groups of consumers was potato tah-dig > rice tah-dig > bread tah-dig. There is a considerable non-carcinogenic risk for the children due to ingestion potato tah-dig (THQ > 1). Additionally, the significant carcinogenic risk for the Iranian adults and children due to consumption of rice, bread, and potato tah-dig (ILCR > 1.00E-5) was observed. © 2018 Elsevier Lt

Probabilistic non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risk assessments (Monte Carlo simulation method) of the measured acrylamide content in Tah-dig using QuEChERS extraction and UHPLC-MS/MS

A modified �Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe� QuEChERS in combination with Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method was optimized for the determination of acrylamide content in different types of tah-dig (rice, bread, and potato). Also, the non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks (target hazard quotient (THQ) and incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR)) due to ingestion of acrylamide via tah-dig in the adults and children were assessed by Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) method. The recoveries of acrylamide at five concentration levels (n = 3) ranged from 83.82 to 106.41. The repeatability of the proposed method was demonstrated with RSD in the range of 11.3�20. In addition, the limits of detection and quantification were reported as 5 ngg�1 and 15 ngg�1, respectively. The mean levels of the acrylamide contents in rice tah-dig, bread tah-dig, and potato tah-dig were measured as 24.65 ngg�1, 39.48 ngg�1, and 714.11 ngg�1, respectively. The highest acrylamide content was determined in potato tah-dig (2100 ngg�1) and the lowest acrylamide in rice tah-dig (�LOQ). Based on the conducted risk assessment, the P (95) of cumulative probability in the MCS method, the lowest and highest THQ was observed in the adults (ingestion bread tah-dig: 1.29E-2), and children (ingestion potato tah-dig: 1.90E+00), respectively. Additionally, the lowest and highest ILCR were reported in adults (ingestion bread tah-dig: 1.29E-5) and children (ingestion potato tah-dig: 7.49E-3), respectively. The rank order of type tah-dig based on THQ and ILCR for all groups of consumers was potato tah-dig > rice tah-dig > bread tah-dig. There is a considerable non-carcinogenic risk for the children due to ingestion potato tah-dig (THQ > 1). Additionally, the significant carcinogenic risk for the Iranian adults and children due to consumption of rice, bread, and potato tah-dig (ILCR > 1.00E-5) was observed. © 2018 Elsevier Lt