Generalized Ideal Gas Equations for Structureful Universe

We have derived generalized ideal gas equations for a structureful universe consisting of all forms of matters. We have assumed a universe that contains superclusters. Superclusters are then made of clusters. Each cluster can be further divided into smaller ones and so on. We have derived an expression for the entropy of such a universe. Our model is rather independent of the geometry of the intermediate clusters. Our calculations are valid for a non-interacting universe within non-relativistic limits. We suggest that structure formation can reduce the expansion rate of the universe.Comment: 5 pages, typographical errors removed, Two new equations i.e. eqs. (27) and (28) were added to elaborate an interesting result i.e. hierarchical structure effects the pressure and thermal energy of the universe considerably, We have slightly modified the abstract to incorporate the changes in the text, authers full first names are provide

The Relationship between Individual Characteristics and practices of Self-leadership in Academia

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between self-leadership behaviors and individual characteristics in academia. An online survey was conducted and 217 participants' responses were measured with the help of a questionnaire. Multiple regression was used to analyze individual characteristics of self- leaders. The findings indicate that individual characteristics do predict self-leadership. Personality traits variables conscientiousness and openness have a significant positive relationship with self-leadership practices. Surprisingly, this study found emotional stability has no significant relationship with self-leadership behavior. This study also employed a rigorous validation technique therefore, this study was able to address some of the methodological limitations of previous studies such as common method variance by examining the proposed relationships in a longitudinal setting

The Relationship between Individual Characteristics and practices of Self-leadership in Academia

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between self-leadership behaviors and individual characteristics in academia. An online survey was conducted and 217 participants' responses were measured with the help of a questionnaire. Multiple regression was used to analyze individual characteristics of self- leaders. The findings indicate that individual characteristics do predict self-leadership. Personality traits variables conscientiousness and openness have a significant positive relationship with self-leadership practices. Surprisingly, this study found emotional stability has no significant relationship with self-leadership behavior. This study also employed a rigorous validation technique therefore, this study was able to address some of the methodological limitations of previous studies such as common method variance by examining the proposed relationships in a longitudinal setting

Civil Military Relationship: Pakistan and India in Comparison

Having drawn the inheritance of colonialism, both Pakistan and India have adopted very different course of Civil Military relations. The research attempts to analyze the developmental pattern of Civil Military relations of both countries through examination of inter connected roles of both military and political class. Despite their similarities at the time of partition, these two militaries and civilian institutions took completely different political trajectories. The argument is tested with paired-comparison case studies of Indian and Pakistani Civil-Military relations since independence. Both cases reveal how structures of domestic politics interact with military threat perceptions in order to explain civilians’ ability to maintain varying levels of control over the military. This present work is net assessment of Civil Military relations and influencing events and occurrences in both countries

The critical role of self-leadership’s in work engagement and organizational citizenship behaviors

This study discuss the relationships between self-leadership, organizational commitment, emotional exhaustion, work engagement, Organizational Citizenship Behaviors, and perceived organizational commitment. Using a sample of 280 employees, it was found that self-leadership had a positive relationship with organizational citizenship behaviors. Further, through emotional exhaustion self-leadership had a significant relationship with work engagement. The findings further suggest that perceived organizational support moderated the relationships between self-leadership and both organizational citizenship behaviors and emotional exhaustion. This study filled a void in the literature by critically examining how emotional exhaustion may act as a mechanism in between self-leadership and work engagement/organizational citizenship behaviors

The impact of Covid-19 on E-business practices and consumer buying behavior in a developing country

Online trade has shown a sharp increase since the outbreak of pandemic Coronavirus. The COVID-19 has affected almost all financial and business activities around the world, even in Pakistan. It has changed the way consumers used to shop before the pandemic outbreak. Many companies until recently have developed and created their online stores and making up the most of their sales using internet channel. Consumer have no other choice but shop from home. In this research study, we discuss the impact of COVID-19 on e-business practices and consumer behavior in Pakistan. The theory of acceptance model has been applied where consumer behavior, e-business, and COVID-19, and posted as a key construct of the proposed research model. Structural Equation Modelling approach has been used to examine the interrelationship of variables of research. We applied two-step recommended Structural Equation Modelling approach, first, validate the constructs by using Confirmatory Factor Analysis, and then conducted Structural Equation Modelling path analysis and report the results, which indicated that in the present scenario COVID-19 has significantly impacted both e-businesses and consumer buying behavior in the context of Pakistan. This research briefly highlights the e-commerce trends and discusses the rapidly growing scope for online businesses and makes several future research suggestions, especially in the context of cultural and other barriers such as digital payment adoption in developing economies. This study limitation is the study sample and context-specific to Pakistan

Spectrum of perforation peritonitis in Pakistan: 300 cases Eastern experience

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Perforation peritonitis is the most common surgical emergency encountered by the surgeons all over the world as well in Pakistan. The spectrum of etiology of perforation peritonitis in tropical countries continues to differ from its western counter part. This study was conducted at Dow University of health sciences and Civil Hospital Karachi (DUHS & CHK) Pakistan, designed to highlight the spectrum of perforation peritonitis in the East and to improve its outcome.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>A prospective study includes three hundred consecutive patients of perforation peritonitis studied in terms of clinical presentations, Causes, site of perforation, surgical treatment, post operative complications and mortality, at (DUHS&CHK) Pakistan, from 1st September 2005 – 1st March 2008, over a period of two and half years. All patients were resuscitated underwent emergency exploratory laparotomy. On laparotomy cause of perforation peritonitis was found and controlled.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The most common cause of perforation peritonitis noticed in our series was acid peptic disease 45%, perforated duodenal ulcer (43.6%) and gastric ulcer 1.3%. followed by small bowel tuberculosis (21%) and typhoid (17%). large bowel perforation due to tuberculosis 5%, malignancy 2.6% and volvulus 0.3%. Perforation due to acute appendicitis (5%). Highest number of perforations has seen in the duodenum 43.6%, ileum37.6%, and colon 8%, appendix 5%, jejunum 3.3%, and stomach 2.3%. Overall mortality was (10.6%).</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The spectrum of perforation peritonitis in Pakistan continuously differs from western country. Highest number of perforations noticed in the upper part of the gastrointestinal tract as compared to the western countries where the perforations seen mostly in the distal part. Most common cause of perforation peritonitis is perforated duodenal ulcer, followed by small bowel tuberculosis and typhoid perforation. Majority of the large bowel perforations are also tubercular. Malignant perforations are least common in our setup.</p

Positivity of Lumbar Puncture for Acute Bacterial Meningitis among Children Presenting with First Febrile Seizure

OBJECTIVES: To determine the frequency of lumber puncture-proven acute bacterial meningitis among children with fever and seizures of first onset.METHODOLOGY From March 2020 to March 2021, a hospital-based descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at the paediatrics department of Hayatabad Medical Complex Peshawar. The sample size for a total of 342 people was estimated using WHO software. The study included all children who had first-onset febrile seizures through OPD and the emergency department. All children underwent lumber punctures using a stringent aseptic procedure, and the hospital laboratory received the samples to look for bacterial meningitis. On a pre-made Proforma, details including name, age, and gender were entered. The gathered data were input into the computer for additional SPSS analysis (version 23).RESULTS Most individuals were male and were lies in the 21-40 months of age group. Mean weight and length/height were evaluated, respectively. The majority had a history of 6-10 days of disease duration. Bacterial meningitis was found significantly (p&lt;0.05) associated with age, gender and neurological deficit, while non-significantly (p&gt;0.05) associated with the duration of diseases.CONCLUSION All children between the ages of 6 months and 60 months who presented with episodes of fever and seizures were found to have a statistically significant (p&lt;0.05) association found among bacterial meningitis and age groups

Effectiveness of scapular mobilization to reduce shoulder pain among the patients with Spinal Cord Injury

Background: Patients with Spinal Cord Injury often experience debilitating shoulder pain. This study investigates the effectiveness of scapular mobilization as a potential intervention to alleviate this pain and enhance the quality of life for these individuals.Objectives: The objectives were to identify the effectiveness of scapular mobilization in reducing shoulder pain among patients with spinal cord injury. Methodology:Pretest and posttest designs were used to conduct this study. 16 participants were selected according to inclusion criteria. The 'VAS' and 'Goniometer' were used to assess the shoulder pain and joint range of motion (ROM). Analysis was done through SPSS v22. To analyze the pre-post test data, the Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used. Result: Among 16 participants, the mean age was 27.69 with a standard deviation of ±11.5, median 27, mode 18, maximum age 52, minimum age 13. Male participants were predominantly higher than female participants. Out of the 16 participants, 93.8% (n=15) were male, and 6.3% (n=1) were female. Among them, 50% (n=8) of the participants were caused to fall from a height, 37% (n=6) were caused by a road traffic accident, and 12.5% (n=2) were caused by heavy objects falling on them. The most significant neurological level was T12, with a percentage of 31.3%, while 25% were at L1, and 12.4% were at T7 and T11, respectively. The right-sided shoulder joint was affected in 43.75% of cases, the left-sided in 31.25%, and 25% were affected on both sides. In the statistical analysis, there was a significant improvement in shoulder pain reduction, shoulder flexion, and extension.Conclusion:Overall, this dissertation showed that scapular mobilization was more dominant than only conventional physiotherapy in reducing shoulder pain and improving shoulder movement