New record for the mollusca fauna of the black sea coast (sinop peninsula) of turkey: white belted shell, Tornus subcarinatus (Montagu, 1803), (Gastropoda, Tornidae)

1503-1507The present study is concerned with one prosobranch gastropod species [Tornus subcarinatus (Montagu, 1803)], obtained during the benthic sampling by surveying at the upper-infralittoral zone (10-20 m.) of the Sinop Peninsula coasts between the years 2010 and 2011. A total of 155 species of marine Gastropoda (Mollusca) are known in the Black Sea coast of Turkey. However, the Prosobranch gastropod Tornus subcarinatus (Montagu, 1803) is recorded for the first time from the central Black Sea of Turkey. Previous records of the species were confined to the southern part of the Turkey, it is occurrence at Turkish coast of the Black Sea extends its distribution range to the Black Sea continued to Turkish coastal waters of Black Sea

FAGACEAE FAMİLYASINDA IN VITRO TEKNİKLERİN KULLANIMI VE SON GELİŞMELER

Bu makalede, çoğaltım ve ıslah amacıyla ormancılıkta halen kullanılmakta olan klasik yöntemlerin etkinliğini arttırmak ve bu yöntemler ile üstesinden gelinmesi güç ya da olanaksız olan sorunların çözümüne karşı, Dünya ormancılığında üzerinde önemle durulan in vitro tekniklerin, Fagaceae familyasına ait cins ve türlerde kullanımı konusunda yapılmış olan araştırmalar derlenmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Fagaceae, in vitro teknikler, biyoteknoloj

Rekreativni ribolov na turskim obalama srednjeg i istočnog Crnog mora: biološki, socijalni i ekonomski aspekti

This study investigated biological, social and mainly economic dimensions of recreational fishing (RF) in 8 coastal Middle and Eastern Black Sea provinces of Turkey. In all provinces, a total number of 874 shore-based recreational fishers were interviewed via on-site face-to-face interviews during the fishing activity or at access points being monthly from January to December in 2015. Market value with RF index of added value approaches were used to calculate economic gains and losses from RF. The consistency was observed with the high education levels, high expense and high market value for fishers in the Middle Black Sea provinces; Kastamonu, Samsun, Sinop and Ordu. In all provinces, the harvesting costs stayed far below the average market prices of target species. Also, positive values of RF index were observed in all provinces. The species catch composition in Western and Eastern provinces did not show great differences. Furthermore, even if the habitat type along the Black Sea coast of Turkey did not show great variations, in the Western provinces some certain species including T. trachurus, S. sarda, B. belone, P. saltatrix, M. cephalus were caught in higher amounts. To summarize, RF along the Black Sea coasts of Turkey is an industry creating high economic returns by expenditures, jobs, catch value and further increased indirect economic impact in services sector.U ovoj studiji se iznose istraživanja biološke, društvene i ekonomske dimenzije rekreacijskog ribolova (RF) u 8 srednje obalnih i istočnih pokrajina Crnog mora u Turskoj. U svim pokrajinama ukupno je 874 obalnih rekreativnih ribara anketirano izravnim intervjuima (razgovorom licem u lice), te tijekom ribolova ili pri pristupnim točkama mjesečno od siječnja do prosinca 2015. godine. Tržišna vrijednost prema indeksu rekreativnog ribolova i dodane vrijednosti korištena je za izračun ekonomskih dobitaka i gubitaka kod rekreativnog ribolova. Konzistencija je promatrana s obzirom na visoki stupanj obrazovanja, visoke troškove i visokom tržišnom vrijednošću za ribare u slijedećim pokrajinama srednjeg Crnog mora: Kastamonu, Samsun, Sinop i Ordu. U svim pokrajinama troškovi ribolova bili su daleko ispod prosječnih tržišnih cijena ciljanih vrsta. Također, u svim pokrajinama zabilježene su pozitivne vrijednosti indeksa rekreativnog ribolova. Sastav ulova u zapadnim i istočnim pokrajinama nije pokazao velike razlike. Nadalje, iako stanišne vrste duž crnomorske obale Turske nisu pokazivale velike varijacije, u zapadnim provincijama neke određene vrste, uključujući Trachurus trachurus, Sarda sarda, Belone belone, Pomatomus saltatrix, Mugil cephalus bile su uhvaćene u većim količinama. Ukratko, rekreativni ribolov na crnomorskim obalama Turske je industrija koja stvara visoki ekonomski povrat izdataka u vidu radnih mjesta, ulovne vrijednosti i daljnjeg povećanja neizravnog ekonomskog utjecaja u sektoru usluga

The effects of vermicompost products on the germination of the seeds of some forest trees and shrubs

Çimlenme engelini aşmak için tohumların çeşitli ön işlemlerden geçirilmeleri zorunludur. Bu ön işlemlerin yanı sıra çimlenme engeli in vitro koşullar altında da giderilebilmektedir. Çalışmada, Robinia pseudoacacia L., Pinus nigra J. F. Arnold , Pinus sylvestris L., Acer negundo L., Capparis spinosa L. ve Lycium europaeum L. bitkilerinin tohumları çimlenme engelini gidermek için çeşitli yoğunluktaki vermikompost çayları ile muamele edilmiştir. Dört hafta süre ile inkübe edilen tohumlarda, vermikompost yoğunluklarına bağlı olarak tohumların, vermikompost ortamında olmayanlara oranla daha iyi bir çimlenme gösterdikleri gözlenmiştir. Çimlenmeyi olumlu yönde etkileyen vermikompost ve ürünlerinin fidanlık çalışmalarında kullanılabilecek hem pratik hem de faydalı bir ürün olduğu ortaya konulmuşturIt is necessary to pre-treat the seeds in order to overcome the germination inhibition. In addition to this pre-treatment, germination inhibition should be overcome in vitro conditions. In this study, the seeds of Robinia pseudoacacia L, Pinus nigra J.F Arnold, Pinus sylvestris L, Acer negundo L, Capparis sipinosa L and Lycium europaeum L were treated with various concentrations of vermicompost tea for germination. It was observed that the seeds incubated for four weeks had better germination than those not in the vermicompost environment. Vermicompost and its products, which affect germination positively, have been proved to be both practical and useful product that can be used in nursery studies

Análisis de algunos aspectos físicos, químicos y microbiológicos de las muestras de miel producidas y consumidas en Turquía

Analysis of honey produced in the western part of Turkey was carried out in this study. Fifty honey samples, collected from the local market in this region were analyzed for their physicochemical parameters including hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), electrical conductivity, sucrose, free acidity, moisture and water insoluble impurities, in addition to pathogenic microorganisms present. HMF amounts determined in 47 samples were found to be between 1.9 and 98.0 mg/kg with good reproducibilities (%RSD: 3.2% or better). There were no pathogenic microorganisms in any of the investigated samples. Electrical conductivity that gives information about their mineral contents was measured, and the mean value was found to be 0.33 mS/cm (N=34). In general, most of the samples were considered to meet the requirements of Turkish Food Codex and European Commission Directives.En este estudio se analizó muestras de miel producida en la zona oeste de Turquía. Se trabajó con 50 muestras del mercado local de la región, en las cuales se determinaron parámetros físico-químicos incluyendo el hidroximetilfurfural (HMF), conductividad eléctrica, sacarosa, acidez libre, humedad e impurezas insolubles en agua además de microorganismos patógenos presentes. Las cantidades de HMF determinadas en 47 muestras oscilaron entre 1,9 y 98,0 mg/kg con buena desviación estándar de la reproducibilidad (% de RSD/DSR 3,2% o mejor). No se encontraron microorganismos patógenos en ninguna de las muestras analizadas. La conductividad eléctrica, que aporta información sobre el contenido mineral, resulta en un promedio de 0,33 mS/cm (N=34). En general se encontró que la mayoría de las muestras cumple los requerimientos del Codex alimentario turco y de las directivas de la Comisión Europea.Fil: Bakirdere, Sezgin. Universidad Técnica de Yıldız (Turquía)Fil: Yaroglu, Tolga. Universidad de Ankara (Turquía)Fil: Tirik, Nihan. Ondokuz Mayıs University (Turquía)Fil: Demiroz, Mehmet. Uludag University (Turquía)Fil: Karaca, Abdullah. Fırat University (Turquía

Application of proline to root medium is more effective for amelioration of photosynthetic damages as compared to foliar spraying or seed soaking in maize seedlings under short-term drought

Exogenous proline (PRO) at low concentrations can enhance drought stress tolerance in different application modes such as application to rooting medium, foliar spray, and seed soaking. However, there is no information about which application mode is more effective for increasing the drought tolerance. Comparative effects of 1, 10, and 20 mM PRO applications through three application modes to hydroponically grown seedlings were examined under short-term drought stress in maize seedlings. Effects on leaf water potential, membrane damage, chlorophyll content, proline level, and gas exchange parameters such as net photosynthetic rate (Pn), transpiration rate (E), stomatal conductance (gs), and substomatal CO2 concentration (Ci) were compared. Results indicated that PRO pretreatments raised the water potential, chlorophyll content, Pn, E, gs, and Ci but lowered the malondialdehyde content in the three application modes as compared to the untreated plants. Of the three different modes of PRO pretreatment, rooting medium treatment at 1 mM concentration was also more effective in alleviating stress-induced damages in maize seedlings. Moreover, effectively applied PRO increased the maximum quantum efficiency of PS II, quantum yield of PS II photochemistry, photochemical quenching, and electron transport rate but decreased nonphotochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence under short-term drought stress. In conclusion, exogenous PRO was markedly more effective in the root-treated mode than in foliar spray or seed soaking mode, suggesting that PRO had a different ameliorating effect in different application modes. Proline application in an effective mode can induce photochemical efficiency under short-term drought in maize

Massive inguinoscrotal bladder hernia causing hydronephrosis: Two cases

• Complete bladder herniation are very rare compared to incomplete bladder herniation. • Massive scrotal cystocele is usually defined with voiding symptoms. • CT, ultrasonography and retrograde cystogram should be performed to determine the involvement of the bladder in cases of massive inguinoscrotal hernias. • In massive scrotal hernia cases, bladder can protrude with the ureter causing hydronephrosis on the affected side. • It is necessary to place urinary catheter to empty the urinary bladder to manage the pain and to decrease the risk of injury of bladder during the surgery

İmparator Herakleios Dönemi (610-641) Bizans İmparatorluğu’nun genel ekonomisi ve ticaret politikası

Phokas yönetiminden (602-610) tükenmiş bir hazine devralan Herakleios (610-640), bir süre yönetimi finansal kaynak olmadan yönetmek durumunda kalmıştır. Ancak başkent ve Anadolu kiliselerinin servetlerinin imparatorluk hazinesine aktarılmasıyla birlikte finansal bir ferahlama yaşanmıştır. Sasaniler ile yaşanan uzun ve yıpratıcı mücadelelerin ardından zafer kazanan İmparator, Sasani hazinesinin de büyük bir bölümünü ele geçirmiştir ve daha önce kiliseden topladığı ödünç paraları da bu kaynakla geri ödeme şansı bulmuştur. Bu dönemde dolaşımdaki altın para oranına bakıldığında (630 yılı itibariyle) iki asır öncesinden yaklaşık olarak %20 daha az olduğu görülmektedir. Bu veri VII. Yüzyılda ticaretin daraldığının ve ekonominin küçüldüğünün de açık bir göstergesidir. Sasani sorununu aşmayı başaran Bizans İmparatorluğu’nun yine aynı yüzyılda yükselen Arap akınları karşısında kendisi için oldukça önemli bölgeleri kaybetmesi de ekonomik ve ticari açıdan büyük bir darbe almasına neden olmuştur. Buna rağmen yine bu yüzyılda Herakleios gibi güçlü ve akıllı imparatorların yönetimiyle Bizans İmparatorluğu böyle zor bir süreçten sıyrılıp varlığını korumayı başarabilmiştir. Yaşanan zorluklar karşısında özellikle de Mısır ve Suriye’nin kaybedilmesinden sonra İmparatorluğun ayakta kalmasını sağlayan en önemli faktörlerden biri de Bizans İmparatorluğu’nun elinde tutmayı başardığı Anadolu olmuştur. Yine İmparatorluğun savunmasını güçlendirmek ve hazineye yük getirmeden ordu gücünü sağlamak amacıyla geliştirilen thema sistemi de bu yüzyılda Bizans’ın yüzleşmiş olduğu sorunlara direnç kazanmasını sağlamıştır.Herakleios (610-640) had to manage the administration for some time without financial resources whom inherited a depleted treasure from the Phocas administration (602-610). However, with the transferring of the wealth of the capital and Anatolian Churches to the empire treasury brought a financial relief. The Emperor gained a victory after the long and weary fights against Iran, also captured a large part of the Iranian treasure and had the opportunity to repay the loan money he collected from the church earlier. In this period it is seen that the circulation rate of golden coins (as of 630) is about 20% less than two century ago. This data is a clear indication that trade has narrowed and the economy has shrunk in the 7th century. While the Byzantine Empire succeeded in overcoming the Iranian problem, couldn’t prevent loosing territories so important for itself in the face of the rising Arab raids of the same century which caused a great economical and commercial impact. Nevertheless, The Byzantine Empire managed to survive such a difficult process and to preserve its existence by courtesy of powerful and intelligent emperors like Herakleios. One of the most important factors that enabled the Empire to survive was succeeding to keep Anatolia in its hands especially after the loss of Egypt and Syria.Again, the thema system developed to strengthen the defense of the empire and to provide the army power without bringing a burden to the treasure made it possible to resist the problems that Byzantine faced in this century