Reduction of visual acuity decreases capacity to evaluate radiographic image quality

Aim: To determine the impact of reduced visual acuity on the evaluation of a test object and appendicular radiographs. Methods: Visual acuity was reduced by two different magnitudes using simulation glasses and compared to normal vision (no glasses). During phase one phantom images were produced for the purpose of counting objects by 13 observers and on phase 2 image appraisal of anatomical structures was performed on anonymized radiographic images by 7 observers. The monitors were calibrated (SMPTE RP133 test pattern) and the room lighting was maintained at 7 ±1 lux. Image display and data on grading were managed using ViewDEX (v.2.0) and the area under the visual grading characteristic (AUCVGC) was calculated using VGC Analyzer (v1.0.2). Inferential statistics were calculated using SPSS. Results: For the evaluation of appendicular radiographs the total interpretation time was longer when visual acuity was reduced with 2 pairs of simulation glasses (15.4 versus 8.9 min). Visual grading analysis showed that observers can lose the ability to detect anatomical and contrast differences when they have a simulated visual acuity reduction, being more challenging to differentiate low contrast details. No simulation glasses, compared to 1 pair gives an AUCVGC of 0.302 (0.280, 0.333), that decreases to 0.197 (0.175, 0.223) when using 2 pairs of glasses. Conclusions: Reduced visual acuity has a significant negative impact on the evaluation of test objects and clinical images. Further work is required to test the impact of reduced visual acuity on visual search, technical evaluation of a wider range of images as well as pathology detection/characterization performance

Factors Affecting Contrast Sensitivity in Healthy Individuals: A Pilot Study

WOS: 000397191000005PubMed ID: 28405481Objectives: To determine the demographic and ocular features affecting contrast sensitivity levels in healthy individuals. Materials and Methods: Seventy-four eyes of 37 subjects ( 7-65 years old) with refractive errors less than 1.0 diopter, no history of ocular surgery, and 20/20 visual acuity were included in the study. The participants were divided by age into three groups: group 1, 7-19 years, n= 11; group 2, 20-49 years, n= 15; and group 3, 50-65 years, n= 11. All subjects underwent anterior and posterior segment evaluation, intraocular pressure measurements, refraction measurements, and clinical evaluation for strabismus. Contrast static test was performed using Metrovision MonPack 3 vision monitor system after measuring pupil diameter. Photopic and mesopic measurements were taken sequentially from right eyes, left eyes, and both eyes together. Results: Contrast sensitivity at intermediate and high spatial frequencies was lower with increasing age. Binocular measurements were better than monocular, and mesopic measurements were better than photopic measurements at all spatial frequencies. Contrast sensitivity at higher spatial frequency was lower with hyperopic refraction values. Conclusion: Increasing age, small pupil diameter, hyperopia, and photopic conditions were associated with lower contrast sensitivity in healthy individuals. Binocular contrast sensitivity measurements were better than monocular contrast sensitivity measurements in all conditions and spatial frequencies

Sağlıklı Bireylerde Kontrast Duyarlık Düzeylerini Etkileyen Faktörler: Ön Çalışma

Objectives: To determine the demographic and ocular features affecting contrast sensitivity levels in healthy individuals.Materials and Methods: Seventy-four eyes of 37 subjects (7-65 years old) with refractive errors less than 1.0 diopter, no history of ocular surgery, and 20/20 visual acuity were included in the study. The participants were divided by age into three groups: group 1, 7-19 years, n=11; group 2, 20-49 years, n=15; and group 3, 50-65 years, n=11. All subjects underwent anterior and posterior segment evaluation, intraocular pressure measurements, refraction measurements, and clinical evaluation for strabismus. Contrast static test was performed using Metrovision MonPack 3 vision monitor system after measuring pupil diameter. Photopic and mesopic measurements were taken sequentially from right eyes, left eyes, and both eyes together.Results: Contrast sensitivity at intermediate and high spatial frequencies was lower with increasing age. Binocular measurements were better than monocular, and mesopic measurements were better than photopic measurements at all spatial frequencies. Contrast sensitivity at higher spatial frequency was lower with hyperopic refraction values. Conclusion: Increasing age, small pupil diameter, hyperopia, and photopic conditions were associated with lower contrast sensitivity in healthy individuals. Binocular contrast sensitivity measurements were better than monocular contrast sensitivity measurements in all conditions and spatial frequencies.Amaç: Sağlıklı bireylerde, kontrast duyarlık düzeylerini etkileyen demografik ve oküler özellikler ile test ortamına ilişkin faktörleri belirlemekGereç ve Yöntem: Çalışmamıza 1,0 diyoptriden büyük refraksiyon kusuru bulunmayan, tam gören, oküler cerrahi geçirmemiş, 7-65 yaş aralığındaki 37 olgunun 74 gözü dahil edildi. Katılımcılar yaş gruplarına göre 3 gruba ayrıldı (grup 1: 7-19 yaş, 11 olgu; grup 2: 20-49 yaş, 15 olgu; grup 3: 50-65 yaş, 11 olgu). Olgulara, ön ve arka segment muayenesi, göz içi basınç ölçümü, refraksiyon ölçümü ve şaşılık muayenesi yapıldı. Pupilla çapları ölçülen olgulara Metrovision MonPack 3 vision monitor sistemi kullanılarak kontrast statik testi uygulanıldı. Önce fotopik, sonra mezopik koşullarda sağ ve sol göze ayrı ayrı, ayrıca her iki göz açık iken kontrast duyarlılık testi yapıldı. Bulgular: Yaş arttıkça orta ve yüksek uzaysal frekanslardaki kontrast duyarlığın azalmakta olduğu görüldü. Binoküler kontrast duyarlık ölçümleri, monoküler ölçümlerden, karanlık ortamda alınan kontrast duyarlık ölçümleri aydınlık ortamdakilerden, tüm uzaysal frekanslarda daha yüksek bulundu. Çalışma grubumuzda yer alan düşük refraksiyon kusuru aralığında, hipermetropiye kaydıkça yüksek uzaysal frekanslardaki kontrast duyarlığın azaldığı görüldü.Sonuç: Sağlıklı bireylerde yüksek yaş, küçük pupilla, hipermetropik refraksiyon, yüksek aydınlatmalı test ortamı kontrast duyarlığı azaltmaktadır. Binoküler kontrast duyarlık düzeyleri, her test ortamında ve her uzaysal frekansta monoküler kontrast duyarlıktan yüksektir

Factors Affecting Contrast Sensitivity in Healthy Individuals:A Pilot Study

Amaç: Sağlıklı bireylerde, kontrast duyarlık düzeylerini etkileyen demografik ve oküler özellikler ile test ortamına ilişkin faktörleri belirlemekGereç ve Yöntem: Çalışmamıza 1,0 diyoptriden büyük refraksiyon kusuru bulunmayan, tam gören, oküler cerrahi geçirmemiş, 7-65 yaş aralığındaki 37 olgunun 74 gözü dahil edildi. Katılımcılar yaş gruplarına göre 3 gruba ayrıldı (grup 1: 7-19 yaş, 11 olgu; grup 2: 20-49 yaş, 15 olgu; grup 3: 50-65 yaş, 11 olgu). Olgulara, ön ve arka segment muayenesi, göz içi basınç ölçümü, refraksiyon ölçümü ve şaşılık muayenesi yapıldı. Pupilla çapları ölçülen olgulara Metrovision MonPack 3 vision monitor sistemi kullanılarak kontrast statik testi uygulanıldı. Önce fotopik, sonra mezopik koşullarda sağ ve sol göze ayrı ayrı, ayrıca her iki göz açık iken kontrast duyarlılık testi yapıldı. Bulgular: Yaş arttıkça orta ve yüksek uzaysal frekanslardaki kontrast duyarlığın azalmakta olduğu görüldü. Binoküler kontrast duyarlık ölçümleri, monoküler ölçümlerden, karanlık ortamda alınan kontrast duyarlık ölçümleri aydınlık ortamdakilerden, tüm uzaysal frekanslarda daha yüksek bulundu. Çalışma grubumuzda yer alan düşük refraksiyon kusuru aralığında, hipermetropiye kaydıkça yüksek uzaysal frekanslardaki kontrast duyarlığın azaldığı görüldü.Sonuç: Sağlıklı bireylerde yüksek yaş, küçük pupilla, hipermetropik refraksiyon, yüksek aydınlatmalı test ortamı kontrast duyarlığı azaltmaktadır. Binoküler kontrast duyarlık düzeyleri, her test ortamında ve her uzaysal frekansta monoküler kontrast duyarlıktan yüksektir.Objectives: To determine the demographic and ocular features affecting contrast sensitivity levels in healthy individuals.Materials and Methods: Seventy-four eyes of 37 subjects (7-65 years old) with refractive errors less than 1.0 diopter, no history of ocular surgery, and 20/20 visual acuity were included in the study. The participants were divided by age into three groups: group 1, 7-19 years, n=11; group 2, 20-49 years, n=15; and group 3, 50-65 years, n=11. All subjects underwent anterior and posterior segment evaluation, intraocular pressure measurements, refraction measurements, and clinical evaluation for strabismus. Contrast static test was performed using Metrovision MonPack 3 vision monitor system after measuring pupil diameter. Photopic and mesopic measurements were taken sequentially from right eyes, left eyes, and both eyes together.Results: Contrast sensitivity at intermediate and high spatial frequencies was lower with increasing age. Binocular measurements were better than monocular, and mesopic measurements were better than photopic measurements at all spatial frequencies. Contrast sensitivity at higher spatial frequency was lower with hyperopic refraction values. Conclusion: Increasing age, small pupil diameter, hyperopia, and photopic conditions were associated with lower contrast sensitivity in healthy individuals. Binocular contrast sensitivity measurements were better than monocular contrast sensitivity measurements in all conditions and spatial frequencies

Evaluation of Cornea and Anterior Chamber with Pentacam in Scleroderma Cases

Purpose: To evaluate the anterior segment structures with Pentacam in scleroderma patients. Materials and Methods: The 34 eyes (study group) of 17 scleroderma patients who attended our clinic were compared with 40 eyes (control group) of age-matched 20 healthy individuals. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and intraocular pressure of all cases were measured, and anterior and posterior segment examinations were performed. The central corneal thickness, anterior chamber volume, anterior chamber depth, anterior and posterior elevation maps of all cases were evaluated with Pentacam. Parametric values were compared with independent t-test; non-parametric values were calculated with Mann-Whitney U test. Results: The mean age was 51.63±10.74 (range, 28-72) years in the study group (1 male, 16 female) and 51.42±6.74 (range, 40-66) years in the control group (4 male, 16 female). The corneas of the study group were found to be more refractive: the mean K values of the study and the control groups were 44.38±1.38 and 43.47±1.26 D, respectively, p=0.004. The BCVA in the study group was statistically lower than that in the control group (mean BCVA of the study and the control groups: 0.953±0.0915 and 0.992±0.0408, respectively, p=0.001). There was no significant difference between the two groups regarding anterior chamber depth, anterior chamber volume and anterior chamber angle. No difference was found in central corneal thickness, intraocular pressure, spherical equivalent, anterior and posterior elevation maps among the two groups. Conclusion: Scleroderma is a systemic disease that might lead to alterations in corneal biomechanics and refractivity, and these issues need to be investigated with more advanced studies. (Turk J Ophthalmol 2011; 41: 221-4

Evaluation of cornea and anterior chamber with pentacam in scleroderma cases

Amaç: Sklerodermalı hastaların ön segment yapılarının Pentacam ile değerlendirilmesi. Gereç ve Yöntem: Kliniğimize başvuran 17 skleroderma hastasının 34 gözü (çalışma grubu), aynı yaş grubundaki 20 sağlıklı bireyin 40 gözü (kontrol grubu) ile karşılaştırıldı. Olguların en iyi düzeltilmiş görme keskinliği, göz içi basıncı ölçülerek, ön ve arka segment bakıları yapıldı. Pentacam cihazı ile olguların santral kornea kalınlığı, ön kamara hacmi, ön kamara derinliği, ön kamara açısı, ön ve arka elevasyon haritaları değerlendirildi. Parametrik değerler bağımsız t-testi ile; nonparametrik değerler Mann Whitney U testi ile değerlendirildi. Bulgular: Çalışma grubunda ortalama yaş 51,63±10,74 (28 ve 72 arası), kontrol grubunda ortalama yaş 51,42±6,74 (40 ve 66 arası) idi. Çalışma grubunda 1 erkek, 16 kadın; kontrol grubunda 4 erkek, 16 kadın olgu mevcuttu. Çalışma grubunun korneaları kontrol grubuna göre daha kırıcı bulundu (Çalışma ve kontrol grubunun ortalama K değerleri sırasıyla 44,38±1,38 ve 43,47±1,26 D, p=0,004). Çalışma grubunda tashihli görme düzeyleri kontrol grubuna göre anlamlı olarak daha düşüktü (Çalışma ve kontrol gruplarının ortalama tashihli görme düzeyleri sırasıyla 0,953±0,0915 ve 0,992±0,0408, p=0,001). Ön kamara derinliği, ön kama- ra hacmi, ön kamara açısı iki grup arasında farklılık göstermedi. Çalışma ve kontrol grubu arasında santral kornea kalınlığı, göz içi basıncı, sferik eşdeğer, ön ve arka elevasyon haritalarında fark saptanmadı. Sonuç: Skleroderma kornea biyomekaniğinde ve kırıcılığında farklılaşmaya neden olabilecek sistemik bir hastalık olup bu konunun daha ileri çalışmalarla araştırılması gerekmektedir. (Turk J Ophthalmol 2011; 41: 221-4)Purpose: To evaluate the anterior segment structures with Pentacam in scleroderma patients. Materials and Methods: The 34 eyes (study group) of 17 scleroderma patients who attended our clinic were compared with 40 eyes (control group) of age-matched 20 healthy individuals. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and intraocular pressure of all cases were measured, and anterior and posterior segment examinations were performed. The central corneal thickness, ante- rior chamber volume, anterior chamber depth, anterior and posterior elevation maps of all cases were evaluated with Pentacam. Parametric values were compared with independent t-test; non-parametric values were calculated with Mann-Whitney U test. Results: The mean age was 51.63±10.74 (range, 28-72) years in the study group (1 male, 16 female) and 51.42±6.74 (range, 40-66) years in the control group (4 male, 16 female). The corneas of the study group were found to be more refractive: the mean K values of the study and the control groups were 44.38±1.38 and 43.47±1.26 D, respectively, p=0.004. The BCVA in the study group was statistically lower than that in the control group (mean BCVA of the study and the control groups: 0.953±0.0915 and 0.992±0.0408, respectively, p=0.001). There was no significant difference between the two groups regard- ing anterior chamber depth, anterior chamber volume and anterior chamber angle. No difference was found in central corneal thickness, intraocular pressure, spherical equivalent, anterior and posterior elevation maps among the two groups. Conclusion: Scleroderma is a systemic disease that might lead to alterations in corneal biomechanics and refractivity, and these issues need to be investigated with more advanced studies. (Turk J Ophthalmol 2011; 41: 221-4

Late-Term Visual Adequateness of Driver License Holders

Pur po se: To evaluate the late-term visual adequateness of driver license holders. Ma te ri al and Met hod: A total of 160 driving license holders with a mean age of 48.39±10.86 (range, 21-73) years who attended our outpatient clinic underwent routine ophthalmologic examination, and their driver license data were evaluated under their consent. Re sults: The spectacle need for 160 people who got their driving license with a mean of 19.46±10.07 (21-73) years ago was 26/160 (16.25%) by the time they got their license, whereas 118/160 (73.75%) - by the date we evaluated them. Six people (3.75%) were not using spectacles although they had refractive errors that should be corrected to be able to drive by law, and 2 people (1.25%) had driving license although they did not have enough visual acuity to get a driving license. The first ophthalmologic examination that these 160 cases had was a mean of 12.29±8.21 (1-25) years after they got their driving license. Dis cus si on: When compared with the time people first got their driving license, the rate of refractive errors that affected visual acuity was increased 5 fold in a mean of twenty years. In our country, the inspection of motor vehicles after the third year of their landing and then in every two years is obligatory. The periodic health evaluation of the drivers is only obligatory if there is a detected progressive eye disease by the time they got their driving license. As there is no obligation for periodic examination, people who were healthy when getting the driving license can drive life long, even if their ability to drive safely is impaired due to certain vision changes. We think that in order to decrease the amount of traffic accidents in our country, not only motor vehicles but also driving license holders should have obligatory periodic health evaluation. (Turk J Ophthalmol 2013; 43: 183-5

Evaluation of the Effects of Menstrual Cycle on Anterior Chamber Parameters as Measured with Pentacam

Pur po se: To evaluate the effects of endogenous gonadotropic hormones (follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone) and sex steroids (progesterone, estrogen) to anterior segment parameters. Ma te ri al and Met hod: Thirty healthy females who had a menstrual cycle of 28±1 day and with a mean age of 36.5±7.56 (range, 20 – 46) years were included in the study. Starting from the first day of their cycle, Pentacam Scheimpflug camera measurements were performed on the 1st, 3rd, 7th, 12th, 16th, 21st, 26th, and 28th days. The central corneal thickness, anterior chamber depth, anterior segment volume, keratometric values, anterior chamber angle value, and pupilla diameter of both eyes were evaluated. Repeated measures analysis of variance test was used for statistical analysis. Re sults: No difference that reaches statistical significance was found in the means of central corneal thickness, anterior chamber volume, keratometric values, anterior chamber angle, and pupilla diameter between the days. Mean anterior chamber depth measurement of the right eyes on the 1st day was 2.72±0.44 mm, whereas it was 2.77±0.46 mm on the 26th day. Mean anterior chamber depth measurement of the left eyes on the 1st day was 2.74±0.42 mm, whereas it was 2.80±0.43 mm on the 26th day. This increment of anterior chamber depth value from the 1st to the 26th days was found to be statistically significant (p≤0.05). Dis cus si on: Progesterone and estrogen that rise in the second half of the menstrual cycle might have a deepening effect on the anterior chamber. These findings should be further investigated with more profound studies that also evaluate the hormonal values and their correlations with anterior segment parameters. (Turk J Ophthalmol 2013; 43: 15-8

Evaluation of the effects of menstrual cycle on anterior chamber parameters as measured with pentacam

Amaç: Tüm vücut üzerine etkileri olduğu bilinen endojen gonadotropik hormonların (follikül uyarıcı hormon, luteotropik hormon) ve seks steroidlerinin (progesteron, östrojen) ön segment parametreleri üzerine etkilerinin araştırılması. Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışmaya ortalama yaşları 36,5±7,56 (20 - 46 arası) olan ve menstrüel siklusu 28±1 gün süren 30 sağlıklı bayan dahil edilmiştir. Sikluslarının ilk gününden başlamak üzere 1, 3, 7, 12, 16, 21, 26, 28. günlerde Pentacam Scheimpflug kamera sistemi ile çekim yapılmıştır. Olguların her iki gözlerindeki merkezi kornea kalınlıkları, ön kamara derinlikleri, ön kamara hacimleri, keratometri değerleri, ön kamara açıları, pupil çapları değerlendirilmiştir. İstatistikler tekrarlayan ölçümlerin varyans analizi testi ile hesaplanmıştır. Sonuçlar: Merkezi kornea kalınlığı, ön kamara hacmi, keratometri değerleri, ön kamara açısı ve pupil çapı değerlerinde günler arasında istatistiksel anlamlılık seviyesine ulaşan fark saptanmamıştır. Ön kamara derinliği ölçümleri sağ gözde 1. gün ortalama 2,72±0,44 mm iken 26. gün ortalama 2,77±0,46 mm, sol gözde 1. gün ortalama 2,74±0,42 mm iken 26. gün ortalama 2,80±0,43 mm bulunmuştur. Ön kamara derinliğindeki 1 ve 26. günler arasında izlenen bu artış istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bulunmuştur (p?0,05). Tart›flma: Menstrüel siklusun ikinci yarısı olan luteal fazda artan progesteron ve östrojenin, ön kamarayı derinleştirici etkisi olabilir. Bu bulguların hormonal değerleri ve korelasyonlarını da değerlendiren daha ayrıntılı çalışmalarla araştırılması gereklidir. (Turk J Ophthalmol 2013; 43: 15-8)Purpose: To evaluate the effects of endogenous gonadotropic hormones (follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone) and sex steroids (progesterone, estrogen) to anterior segment parameters. Material and Method: Thirty healthy females who had a menstrual cycle of 28±1 day and with a mean age of 36.5±7.56 (range20 – 46) years were included in the study. Starting from the first day of their cycle, Pentacam Scheimpflug camera measurements werperformed on the 1st, 3rd, 7th, 12th, 16th, 21st, 26th, and 28th days. The central corneal thickness, anterior chamber depth, anteriosegment volume, keratometric values, anterior chamber angle value, and pupilla diameter of both eyes were evaluated. Repeated measures analysis of variance test was used for statistical analysis. Results: No difference that reaches statistical significance was found in the means of central corneal thickness, anterior chamber volumekeratometric values, anterior chamber angle, and pupilla diameter between the days. Mean anterior chamber depth measurement of the righeyes on the 1st day was 2.72±0.44 mm, whereas it was 2.77±0.46 mm on the 26 th day. Mean anterior chamber depth measurement of thleft eyes on the 1st day was 2.74±0.42 mm, whereas it was 2.80±0.43 mm on the 26th day. This increment of anterior chamber depth valufrom the 1st to the 26th days was found to be statistically significant (p≤0.05). Discussion: Progesterone and estrogen that rise in the second half of the menstrual cycle might have a deepening effect on the anteriochamber. These findings should be further investigated with more profound studies that also evaluate the hormonal values and the