Designing an Educational Effectiveness Model for the Employees of the Selected Organization with a System Dynamics Approach

The purpose of this research is to design an educational effectiveness model for the employees of the selected organization with a system dynamics approach in Iran. In order to achieve the research goal, a sequential mixed method has been used, which includes two qualitative and quantitative parts. In the qualitative part of the research, interview has been used. Necessary information and data were collected from experts and senior managers of the selected organization and then the design of the educational effectiveness model for the employees of the selected organization with a dynamic system approach has been validated. The research results showed that the educational effectiveness model for the employees of selected organization with a system dynamics approach has two parts: the main factors and their indicators. This model has been composed of indicators that are the core and heart of this model and are the basis for evaluating the educational effectiveness, which are called effective factors. The educational effectiveness model for the employees of the selected organization with a system dynamics approach has 7 main factors: learner's readiness, training need assessment, training targeting, training program design, resources and equipment allocation, course monitoring and evaluation and training course management, which includes 56 indicators composing it.

Attorney’s character virtues in the interaction with the principal in the course of divorcement

Introduction: The growth in such a phenomenon as divorcement has doubled the necessity of doing research thereon from various perspectives. Although numerous factors are involved in a divorcement process and they have been dealt with in the related studies, it appears that the role of the attorney as an influential factor has been considered to a lesser degree. In this study, the process of the divorcement’s formation and facilitation based on the attorneys’ character virtues has been investigated. Method: In order to develop theoretical sensitivity, the prior studies were reviewed and the extant and relevant theories were extracted and discussed. Using qualitative method and grounded theory and through subjective and purposive sampling, 18 divorced Yazdi women who had hired lawyers were selected and subjected to deep interviews. Results: The 5 categories of wisdom, honesty, fairness, Humbleness and Transcendence move the clients' cases towards compromise. The 5 categories of enlightenment, meticulousness, futurisms, social intelligence and effective communication had a dual role. The case, at the discretion of the lawyer and the client, could lead to both compromise and divorce. 5 categories of love for learning, creativity, chivalrousness, stability and leadership also lead to divorce. Conclusion:  Attorneys with character virtues help the client make the most beneficial decision through positive interaction and confidence transfe

Living with Problems: A Critical Ethnography of Dumpster Diving in the Industrial City of Meybod

IntroductionUnbalanced industrial development and the lack of coordination of cultural, economic, and social structures in attracting the development criteria will lead to rapid developments in some structures and backwardness of other structures of society. The result of such a process is what we see in industrial cities today. In fact, the focus on industries in industrial cities has led to a massive flood of immigrants and created a variety of patterns of life in these cities, which causes many social damage, one of which is the phenomenon of Dumpster diving. In fact, Dumpster divers are a group of people, who informally collect, sort, process, and sell urban waste, thus earning their living through the collection and recycling of waste and its sale. It is important to address the issue of Dumpster diving from different angles. Firstly, it is crucial to thoroughly examine the negative consequences of Dumpster diving on Dumpster divers themselves, the general public, and the city as a whole. Secondly, the deprivation of fundamental rights for Dumpster divers is a pressing issue that needs to be addressed. Thirdly, the nature of their work and the conditions, under which they operate, give rise to numerous problems and injuries, posing a threat not only to the individuals involved, but also to the overall health of the community. Meybod, a small yet fully industrialized city, has experienced a significant rise in Dumpster diving. Consequently, both immigrants and native residents of the city, who are responsible and law-abiding citizens, express deep concern regarding this matter. The prevalence of this issue is evident in small cities like Meybod, where a significant number of waste collectors, who are part of the Dumpster diving community, operate. This situation is largely a result of the imbalanced industrial development witnessed in the past decade. Over the course of the last three decades, Meybod has experienced an annual influx of over 1,000 immigrants, leading to rapid social and cultural transformations within the city. Therefore, this research aimed to investigate the phenomenon of Dumpster diving within the context of unbalanced industrial development and mass migrations.  Materials and MethodsThis research employed a methodological pluralism approach within a pragmatist paradigm, utilizing critical ethnography with Carspecken's approach. The data collection process involved a combination of participatory and non-participatory observations. Initial data reconstruction was conducted followed by in-depth interviews that focused on dialogue-oriented data collection. A total of 20 individuals were purposefully selected for interviews using a snowball method. The selection process prioritized diversity in terms of gender, education level, age, and other relevant factors. The researchers employed observation techniques, as well as semi-structured and deep interviews, to collect data. The findings from these interviews were categorized into several themes, including Dumpster diving contexts, Dumpster diving economy, exploitative family profiteering, waste city, living with problems, Dumpster diving as a gateway to crime, and institutional promotion of Dumpster diving. Discussion of Results & ConclusionIn recent decades, advancements in science and technology have significantly improved the quality of life for people worldwide, addressing numerous diseases and poverty-related issues. However, these advancements have also led to a widening global inequality. This inequality has far-reaching consequences, not only economically, but also politically and socially. It can give rise to various social issues within each country and region, such as large-scale migration. These migrations, in turn, result in significant damages, one of which is the practice of Dumpster diving. Dumpster diving can be attributed to several factors, including unemployment, insufficient income, job loss, lack of government and organizational support (including insurance coverage), addiction, and lack of family support. Individuals may also turn to Dumpster diving due to their reluctance to beg for assistance. Additionally, some individuals perceive Dumpster diving as a lucrative option. In conclusion, while science and technology have brought about positive changes, the widening inequality poses significant challenges. The consequences of this inequality, including Dumpster diving, have profound social implications. Addressing the root causes of Dumpster diving, such as unemployment and lack of support systems, is crucial to mitigate its negative effects and promote a more equitable society. The findings indicated that Dumpster diving was a growing phenomenon directly linked to visible economic and class disparities. While individuals facing adversity in their lives engaged in Dumpster diving, it was the vulnerable and marginalized groups, including women and children, who were most affected and derived minimal economic benefits from this practice. The primary beneficiaries of this industry were the local managers, who controlled its profits. Consequently, this situation further exacerbated the complexity of structural class inequality

The Relationship between health-based Lifestyle and Domestic Violence

Violence has been a global issue that has always been the focus of scholars. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between health-based lifestyle and domestic violence. In this survey, a researcher-made questionnaire was used to measure domestic violence and a standardized questionnaire by Lali and Abedi (2012) was used to measure health-based lifestyle. For this purpose and in order to find out the relationship between health-based lifestyle and domestic violence based on Cochran formula, 384 married women in Yazd city were surveyed using a multi-stage cluster sampling and questionnaire. The results also showed that among all aspects of health-based lifestyle (physical health, exercise and health, weight and nutrition control, disease prevention, psychological health, spiritual health, social health, drug and substance avoidance, accident prevention, and environmental health). There was a significant inverse relationship between housework and women. The results showed that two important aspects of health-focused lifestyle were highlighted. One is weight control and nutrition and the other is exercise and wellbeing. Basically, women who exercise, even if they are subjected to violence, can better maintain their morale and continue to seek new solutions to prevent violence

The Comparative Study of Social Participation between State and Non-profit High School Students in Yazd and Its Relevant Factors

Introduction: Social participation is one of the important and constructive factors of Social capital. Social participation is defined as a kind of purposeful act during an interactional process between the actor and social environment for achieving the defined and predestinate aim. Despite the broad and in-depth discussions about social participation, it can be claimed that a general theory on all or most of variables related to participation remained to be developed. Obviously, it doesn't mean that no conceptual model can describe the participation. Although various theories have been proposed to explain the social participation, a model for predicting the different levels of social participation has not been represented yet. Furthermore, students are builders of the future for every society, and paying attention to them, in particular their participation, has great importance for themselves and their society. The present study compares the level of social participation between the students of state and non-profit high schools in Yazd as well as its related factors.   Material & Methods: This survey study is practical in terms of content, cross-sectional, and extensive. In the current study, the population was all junior high school students who attend state schools and nonprofit schools in Yazd. According to the statistical outcome measured by the Department of Education of Yazd, 7421 students were in state schools, and 3290 were in nonprofit schools. The Sampling method which applied in this survey study is a sampling of 642 state and nonprofit school students in Yazd (310 students from state schools and 332 students from nonprofit schools) Owing to collecting the data, participants filled out a questionnaire. A combination of stratified sampling method and cluster sampling method was applied. Owing to collecting the data, participants filled out a questionnaire. The validity of the data collection tool was ensured through a content validity and its reliability through a Cronbach's alpha. The Cronbach's alpha measured for the main variable was 0.901, and it measured for independent variables as follows: 0.747 for using mass media, 0.810 for social trust, 0.833 for normative integration, 0.805 for religiousness, 0.703 for fatalism and 0.744 for social alienation. The gleaned data were analyzed by the statistical software's, namely SPSS 22.   Discussion of Results & Conclusions: More than half of the participants were girls (51.4%) The average age of the participants was 16. In addition, of all the participants 34.9% in the first grade, 24.9% in second grade, 24.5% in third grade, and 15.7% in fourth grade were enrolled. The mean score was 63 for the main variable (social participation) Also, the score of social participation was mostly moderate. The mean score measured for the dependent variables as follows: using mass media = 16.71, social trust = 46.80, religiousness = 46.04, normative integration = 17.63, social alienation = 58.98 and fatalism = 19.36. Findings showed that there was a significant difference between social participation of nonprofit and state high school students. There was a significant and direct relationship between the variables including the level of mass media, social trust, religiousness, and normative Integration with social participation; however, there was a significant and reverse relationship between variables including socioeconomic status and social alienation with social participation. There was not any significant relationship between the variables of gender and fatalism with social participation. The results of multiple regression support the significant role of grade, socioeconomic status, mass media, social trust, religiousness, social alienation in social participation. Furthermore, through variance of the linear combination of the independent variables, 41 percent of the variance in social participation was explained

Social Alienation and Tendency Toward Risky Behavior: A Case Study of the City of Mashhad

Social Alienation and Tendency Toward Risky Behavior: A Case Study of the City of Mashhad Zakieh Nateghi[1]  ,  Seyed Alireza Afshani[2]   Abstract Regarding the increase in the incidence of risky behavior among young people, the present study has investigated the impact of social alienation as a risk factor in the tendency toward risky behavior in the City of Mashhad. In this research, Agnew’s General Strain Theory, Sutherland’s theory of Differential Association, Hirschi and Gottfredson’s Social Control Theory, and Seeman’s Social Alienation Theory were used as the theoretical framework. This study was conducted as a cross-sectional survey. A total sample size of 384 individuals from Mashhad were interviewed in the present analysis. Respondents were selected using the cluster random sampling method. The instrument used was a questionnaire. In this regard, reliability and validity of the scale were assessed through Cronbach’s alpha and content validity. The findings showed that risky behavior among boys was higher than girls, but there was no significant difference between social alienation of boys and girls. There was no significant relationship between age and risky behavior and social alienation. The mean of risky behavior among single participants in terms of tendency to alcohol, tendency towards violence, tendency to sexual behavior and risk-driving tendency was higher than that of married participants, and the average amount of social alienation in dimensions of social isolation and self-denial of single participants was higher than that of the married participants. The results showed that social alienation and its dimensions have a direct and significant effect on risky behavior and its dimensions. Keywords:Social Alienation, Risky Behavior, Social Isolation, Powerlessness, Youth. [1] ? [2]

Investigate Related Factors with Work- Family Role Conflict with Emphasis on Organizational Factors Among Employed Women

Introduction: Human society is composed of women and men that are in social interactions and both dependent on each other and have special role and function. Certainly women as half of the population had direct impact on the development of society. Therefore, development strategies should consider woman participation in political, social and economic affairs and specially the situation of employed women. Work and family are two main areas in everybody's life that simultaneous involved with dual roles has some consequences for organization, individual and family. Researchers claimed that due to their responsibilities in family, women experience more conflict between job and family roles than men; hence this research has examined organizational factors related to work-family role conflict among employed women in Yazd included work time, work experience, type of job, work support, sense of work role overload, job satisfaction.   Material & Methods: This survey is practical in terms of content, cross-sectional, and extensive. This study was conducted in 2014 and the population was all employed woman in Yazd. The Sampling method which applied in this survey study is cluster sampling that selected 323 employed woman by this method. In this way the offices divided in three main clusters (group1: twenty and less employed women, group 2: twenty to fifty employed women and group 3: more than fifty female). Then In each cluster, a number of offices were randomly selected. Owing to collecting the data, participants filled out a questionnaire. Work-family role conflict as the main variable in this study was measured by Carlson et al scale (2000) with 18 items. The validity of the data collection tool was ensured through a content validity and its reliability through a Cronbach's alpha. The Cronbach's alpha measured for the main variable (work-family conflict) was 0.91, and it measured for independent variables as follows: 0.76 for work support, 0.71 for sense of work role overload and 0.80 for job satisfaction. Data were analyzed by the statistical software’s, namely SPSS and Amos. Discussion of Results & Conclusions: The results of descriptive statistics indicate 26 percent were age category 18-29, 47 percent in age category 30-41, 25 percent in age category 42-53 and 2 percent in 54-66. The average age of respondents was 36 years old and Minimum age was 20 and maximum age was 63 years old. In terms of marital status 19 percent of Respondents were single and 80 percent were married. In terms of occupation, 66 percent had governmental jobs and 34 percent were employed in private businesses. Work- family role conflict has measured in two dimension (included work -family conflict and family- work conflict) and three types (based on time, strain and behavior). Generally the average of work- family conflict (26.74) is more than family- work conflict (23.43). It indicates employed women in Yazd in Job duties have more problems and experience more role conflict. Findings of the study showed that among independent variables, work support and job satisfaction had significant and negative relationship with work-family conflict. In other words with increase work support and job satisfaction, role conflict becomes less. These results have Conformity with role set theory of Merton and Greenhause and Beutel model. In contrast, there is a significant and positive relationship between work time and sense of work role overload with work- family conflict that this result confirms viewpoint of Higgins and Duxbury. Also, there is a significant difference between the work-family role conflict of public and private businesses. Work experience, had no significant relationship with the work- family conflict. Thus, organizational factors have effective role to reduce the pressure and stress of employed women. Path analysis showed job satisfaction has the most effect on work-family conflict. Afterwards work time, sense of work role overload and work support has the most effect

The elderly, the neglected of the cultural atmosphere of the city

The elderly are a section of society that as a growing population and also due to their physical and age characteristics have special cultural needs that require a special program and urban space. Therefore, the present study seeks to investigate the cultural needs of these groups.To obtain this information, a researcher-made survey and questionnaire was used among the elderly in Tehran. Sampling based on 22 districts of Tehran was done by multi-stage cluster sampling. For this purpose, in the 22 districts of Tehran, according to 800 people sample size (about 36 questionnaires for each district), A number of neighborhoods were selected and questionnaires were randomly filled in by referring to the doors of houses, places of gathering of the elderly such as: parks, Tarehbar Squares, Shahrvand Store and Metro. filled out questionnaires. Finally, this study showed that the needs of these groups are prioritized in the following order: 1- Need for skills training and knowledge promotion 2- Need to provide conference facilities 3- Leisure tour needs 4- Need for cultural and artistic training 5- Recreational and sports needs 6- Religious cultural needs 7- Need for public spaces. Also, based on the obtained results, the most important reasons for the elderly not welcoming the cultural centers and facilities created by the municipality are as follows: 1- Lack of information 2- Indifference and personal preoccupation 3- Lack of cultural centers in the place of residence and lack of access 4 - Lack of interest 5- Low quality of facilities

A Grounded Theory of Emotional Detachment of the Bereaved from Emotional Interactions of Relatives in cases of Sudden Death

Abstract Over the course of history, death, in addition to life, has been a social phenomenon of major concern for human beings. Sudden demise, among other things, disrupts mental health, social interactions, and family relationships of the bereaved. Although there is a huge body of research on demography, burial, and rituals of death, few researchers have addressed sociological aspects of death in detail with reference to social and cultural backgrounds of how the bereaved behave in the event of sudden demise, the process of self-deconstruction, and the role of supporting agents such as relatives. The aim of the present study was to identify the behavior pattern of the bereaved and their relatives in the event of sudden death and the role the relatives played in the deconstruction process. Allied to this, a qualitative approach and the Grounded Theory were employed to collect the data. The bereaved who lost their loved ones within 4 months to 4 years ago gave in-depth unstructured interviews. The data were analyzed via open, axial, and selective codings. Afterwards, the results and findings were presented in tables in a story line based on the paradigmatic model. The results showed that the connections between the bereaved and their relatives and the consequent behavioral and emotional exchange shaped certain dynamisms. These dynamisms signified the establishment of a dualism about the emotional expectations of the bereaved from their relatives resulting in the emotional deconstruction between them. Keywords: Sudden Death, The Bereaved, Relatives, Emotional Expectations, Emotional Deconstruction- Disintegratio