Some Factors Affecting 1957 Acreage Reserve Participation in the South Dakota Wheat Area

The Agricultural Act of 1956, which contains the Soil Bank Act, was enacted in the spring of 1956. The soil bank program is divided into two phases, the acreage reserve and the conservation reserve. The acreage reserve is available to farmers with acreage allotments for the basic commodities, which are wheat and corn in South Dakota. The farmer takes part in the acreage reserve program by signing a one year agreement and reducing his acreage below the assigned allotment on his farm. In return for taking the land out of production, the farmer will receive a payment for each acre below his allotment. The conservation reserve is a long-term program to adjust production and increase the conservation of soil, water and forest resources in the nation. The length of the contracts vary from 3 to 15 years. Through this program the farmer has an opportunity to receive government assistance in carrying out conservation practices on his farm. There is a continuous need for appraisal of farm programs. Farmers, administrators, and legislators are concerned with means of achieving farm policy goals. This requires information regarding the effects of present farm program. The total effect of the 1957 acreage reserve program is complex and beyond the scope of this study. However, administrators and farmers’ opinions about present programs are of interest and help point the way toward improvements. This study is limited to the wheat acreage reserve program in South Dakota for 1957. The study aims to identify the obstacles of participation for the 1957 acreage reserve program in the South Dakota wheat area and to identify the factors which encouraged farmers to participate in the 1957 acreage reserve in the South Dakota wheat area

Acreage Reserve Participation in South Dakota Wheat Areas

The Agricultural Act of 1956, which contains the Soil Bank Act, was enacted in the spring of 1956. The soil bank program is divided into two phases, the acreage reserve and the conservation reserve. The acreage reserve is available to farmers with acreage allotments for the basic commodities, which are wheat and corn in South Dakota. The farmer takes part in the acreage reserve program by signing a one-year agreement with his Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Committee (hereafter referred to as the ASC Committee) and reducing his acreage below the assigned allotment on his farm. In return for taking the land out of production, the farmer will receive a payment for each acre below his allotment. The conservation reserve is a long-term program to adjust production and increase the conservation of soil, water and forest resources in the nation. The length of the contracts varies from a minimum of three years to a maximum of 15 years depending on the type of operation and practice adopted. Through this program the farmer has an opportunity to receive government assistance in carrying out conservation practices on his farm

The Self- Caring Tree: A Model of Nursing Self-Care

Being a nurse can be physically, emotionally, and spiritually exhausting. Nurses are exposed to sickness, sadness, trauma, suffbring, terminal illnesses, and potentially harmful contagions in their daily work. Nurses tend to care for others more than they care for themselves and can become overwhelmed, lose their resilience, and burnout. Nurses who practice daily self-care benefit by experiencing greater self-esteem, resilience, and ultimately wisdom and compassion. This project focuses on the development of a self- care model for nurses to help nurses learn how to care for themselves. The model is grounded in the work of Dr. Jean Watson and her theory of human caring

Review of \u3cem\u3eForensic Social Work: Legal Aspects of Professional Practice.\u3c/em\u3e Robert L. Baker and Douglas M. Branson. Reviewed by Margaret M. Severson, Louisiana State University.

Robert L. Barker and Douglas M. Branson. Forensic Social Work: Legal Aspects of Professional Practice. New York, Haworth Press, 1993. $15.95 papercover

Allostatic load and preterm birth

Preterm birth is a universal health problem that is one of the largest unmet medical needs contributing to the global burden of disease. Adding to its complexity is that there are no means to predict who is at risk when pregnancy begins or when women will actually deliver. Until these problems are addressed, there will be no interventions to reduce the risk because those who should be treated will not be known. Considerable evidence now exists that chronic life, generational or accumulated stress is a risk factor for preterm delivery in animal models and in women. This wear and tear on the body and mind is called allostatic load. This review explores the evidence that chronic stress contributes to preterm birth and other adverse pregnancy outcomes in animal and human studies. It explores how allostatic load can be used to, firstly, model stress and preterm birth in animal models and, secondly, how it can be used to develop a predictive model to assess relative risk among women in early pregnancy. Once care providers know who is in the highest risk group, interventions can be developed and applied to mitigate their risk

Noise is not error : detecting parametric heterogeneity between epidemiologic time series

© Copyright © 2018 Romero-Severson, Ribeiro and Castro. This is an open-accessarticle distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CCBY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.Mathematical models play a central role in epidemiology. For example, models unify heterogeneous data into a single framework, suggest experimental designs, and generate hypotheses. Traditional methods based on deterministic assumptions, such as ordinary differential equations (ODE), have been successful in those scenarios. However, noise caused by random variations rather than true differences is an intrinsic feature of the cellular/molecular/social world. Time series data from patients (in the case of clinical science) or number of infections (in the case of epidemics) can vary due to both intrinsic differences or incidental fluctuations. The use of traditional fitting methods for ODEs applied to noisy problems implies that deviation from some trend can only be due to error or parametric heterogeneity, that is noise can be wrongly classified as parametric heterogeneity. This leads to unstable predictions and potentially misguided policies or research programs. In this paper, we quantify the ability of ODEs under different hypotheses (fixed or random effects) to capture individual differences in the underlying data. We explore a simple (exactly solvable) example displaying an initial exponential growth by comparing state-of-the-art stochastic fitting and traditional least squares approximations. We also provide a potential approach for determining the limitations and risks of traditional fitting methodologies. Finally, we discuss the implications of our results for the interpretation of data from the 2014-2015 Ebola epidemic in Africa.This work was funded by NIH grants R01-AI087520 and R01-AI104373; grants FIS2013-47949-C2-2-P and FIS2016-78883-C2-2-P and PRX 16/00287 (Spain); and PIRSES-GA-2012-317893 (7th FP, EU).info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Monitoring cryptic amphibians and reptiles in a Florida state park

We monitored cryptic herpetofauna at Savannas Preserve State Park, Florida, by combining artificial cover counts with a quantitative paradigm for constructing and calculating population indices. Weekly indices were calculated from two consecutive days of data collection each week for 7 months from mid-winter to mid-summer in three habitats. Seventeen species were observed at least once, and time trends using index values were followed for six species. Among these, abundance and seasonal pattern information were obtained for an exotic species (greenhouse frog) and a species identified by the Florida Committee on Rare and Endangered Plants and Animals as threatened (Florida scrub lizard). We identified winter as the optimal time in this area to monitor populations for conducting annual assessments. This combined observation and indexing approach could provide managers or researchers with an economical means to quantitatively index population trends for multiple cryptic herpetofauna species simultaneously. Using artificial cover to sample within a population indexing design can be generalized beyond monitoring herpetofauna. Other forms of artificial cover that can be used as observation stations include aquatic artificial substrates, artificial tree cavities, artificial reefs, and other artificial aquatic structures and artificial sea grass units, among many others, and a wide range of taxa are suitable for population monitoring using artificial cover as observation stations in the approach we present, including insects, soil invertebrates, micro and macro aquatic invertebrates, fish, crustaceans, and small mammals