An automated, 0.5Hz nano-foil target positioning system for intense laser plasma experiments

We report on a target system supporting automated positioning of nano-targets with a precision resolution of in three dimensions. It relies on a confocal distance sensor and a microscope. The system has been commissioned to position nanometer targets with 1Hz repetition rate. Integrating our prototype into the table-top ATLAS 300 TW-laser system at the Laboratory for Extreme Photonics in Garching, we demonstrate the operation of a 0.5Hz laser-driven proton source with a shot-to-shot variation of the maximum energy about 27% for a level of confidence of 0.95. The reason of laser shooting experiments operated at 0.5Hz rather than 1Hz is because the synchronization between the nano-foil target positioning system and the laser trigger needs to improve.DFG Cluster of Excellence Munich-Centre for Advanced Photonics (MAP); Centre for Advanced Laser Applications; China Scholarship [201508080084]SCI(E)ARTICLE

An automated, 0.5 Hz nano-foil target positioning system for intense laser plasma experiments

We report on a target system supporting automated positioning of nano-targets with a precision resolution of in three dimensions. It relies on a confocal distance sensor and a microscope. The system has been commissioned to position nanometer targets with 1Hz repetition rate. Integrating our prototype into the table-top ATLAS 300 TW-laser system at the Laboratory for Extreme Photonics in Garching, we demonstrate the operation of a 0.5Hz laser-driven proton source with a shot-to-shot variation of the maximum energy about 27% for a level of confidence of 0.95. The reason of laser shooting experiments operated at 0.5Hz rather than 1Hz is because the synchronization between the nano-foil target positioning system and the laser trigger needs to improve.DFG Cluster of Excellence Munich-Centre for Advanced Photonics (MAP); Centre for Advanced Laser Applications; China Scholarship [201508080084]SCI(E)ARTICLE

Static and dynamic structure factors with account of the ion structure for high-temperature alkali and alkaline earth plasmas

The electron-electron, electron-ion, ion-ion and charge-charge static structure factors are calculated for alkali (at T = 30 000 K, 60 000 K, n (e) = 0.7 x 10(21) A center dot 1.1 x 10(22) cm(-3)) and Be2+ (at T = 20 eV, n (e) = 2.5 x 10(23) cm(-3)) plasmas using the method described by Gregori et al. The dynamic structure factors for alkali plasmas are calculated at T = 30 000 K, n (e) = 1.74 x 10(20), 1.11 x 10(22) cm(-3) using the method of moments developed by Adamjan et al. In both methods the screened Hellmann-Gurskii-Krasko potential, obtained on the basis of Bogolyubov's method, has been used taking into account not only the quantum-mechanical effects but also the repulsion due to the Pauli exclusion principle. The repulsive part of the Hellmann-Gurskii-Krasko (HGK) potential reflects important features of the ion structure. Our results on the static structure factors for Be2+ plasma deviate from the data obtained by Gregori et al., while our dynamic structure factors are in a reasonable agreement with those of Adamyan et al.: at higher values of k and with increasing k the curves damp down while at lower values of k, and especially at higher electron coupling, we observe sharp peaks also reported in the mentioned work. For lower electron coupling the dynamic structure factors of Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+ and Cs+ do not differ while at higher electron coupling these curves split. As the number of shell electrons increases from Li+ to Cs+ the curves shift in the direction of low absolute value of omega and their heights diminish. We conclude that the short range forces, which we take into account by means of the HGK model potential, which deviates from the Coulomb and Deutsch ones, influence the static and dynamic structure factors significantly.The work has been realised at the Humboldt University at Berlin (Germany). One of the authors (S. P. Sadykova) would like to express sincere thanks to the Erasmus Mundus Program of the EU for the financial support and especially to Mr. M. Parske for his aid, to the Institute of Physics, Humboldt University at Berlin, for the support which made her participation at some scientific Conferences possible; I. M. T. acknowledges the financial support of the Spanish Ministerio de Educacion y Ciencia Project No. ENE2007-67406-C02-02/FTN and valuable discussions with Dr. D. Gericke.Sadykova, SP.; Ebeling, W.; Tkachenko Gorski, IM. (2011). Static and dynamic structure factors with account of the ion structure for high-temperature alkali and alkaline earth plasmas. 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An automated, 0.5Â Hz nano-foil target positioning system for intense laser plasma experiments

We report on a target system supporting automated positioning of nano-targets with a precision resolution of in three dimensions. It relies on a confocal distance sensor and a microscope. The system has been commissioned to position nanometer targets with 1Â Hz repetition rate. Integrating our prototype into the table-top ATLAS 300 TW-laser system at the Laboratory for Extreme Photonics in Garching, we demonstrate the operation of a 0.5Â Hz laser-driven proton source with a shot-to-shot variation of the maximum energy about 27% for a level of confidence of 0.95. The reason of laser shooting experiments operated at 0.5Â Hz rather than 1Â Hz is because the synchronization between the nano-foil target positioning system and the laser trigger needs to improve

Thomson scattering from near-solid density plasmas using soft X-ray free electron lasers

We discuss a collective Thomson scattering experiment at the VUV free electron laser facility at DESY (FLASH) to diagnose warm dense matter at near-solid density. The plasma region of interest marks the transition from an ideal plasma to a correlated and degenerate many-particle system and is of current interest, e.g., in ICF experiments or laboratory astrophysics. Plasma diagnosis of such plasmas is a longstanding issue which is addressed here using a pump-probe scattering experiment to reveal the collective electron plasma mode (plasmon) using the high-brilliance radiation to probe the plasma. Distinctive scattering features allow one to infer basic plasma properties. For plasmas in thermal equilibrium the electron density and temperature are determined from scattering off the plasmon mode. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Time to Peak Glucose and Peak C-Peptide During the Progression to Type 1 Diabetes in the Diabetes Prevention Trial and TrialNet Cohorts

OBJECTIVE To assess the progression of type 1 diabetes using time to peak glucose or C-peptide during oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs) in autoantibody-positive relatives of people with type 1 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We examined 2-h OGTTs of participants in the Diabetes Prevention Trial Type 1 (DPT-1) and TrialNet Pathway to Prevention (PTP) studies. We included 706 DPT-1 participants (mean ± SD age, 13.84 ± 9.53 years; BMI Z-score, 0.33 ± 1.07; 56.1% male) and 3,720 PTP participants (age, 16.01 ± 12.33 years; BMI Z-score, 0.66 ± 1.3; 49.7% male). Log-rank testing and Cox regression analyses with adjustments (age, sex, race, BMI Z-score, HOMA-insulin resistance, and peak glucose/C-peptide levels, respectively) were performed. RESULTS In each of DPT-1 and PTP, higher 5-year diabetes progression risk was seen in those with time to peak glucose >30 min and time to peak C-peptide >60 min (P < 0.001 for all groups), before and after adjustments. In models examining strength of association with diabetes development, associations were greater for time to peak C-peptide versus peak C-peptide value (DPT-1: χ2 = 25.76 vs. χ2 = 8.62; PTP: χ2 = 149.19 vs. χ2 = 79.98; all P < 0.001). Changes in the percentage of individuals with delayed glucose and/or C-peptide peaks were noted over time. CONCLUSIONS In two independent at-risk populations, we show that those with delayed OGTT peak times for glucose or C-peptide are at higher risk of diabetes development within 5 years, independent of peak levels. Moreover, time to peak C-peptide appears more predictive than the peak level, suggesting its potential use as a specific biomarker for diabetes progression