Preparation of o-Fluorobenzoic Acid. An Elementary Organic Laboratory Experiment

An experiment designed for organic chemistry students at the sophomore level is presented. The experiment, which involves no special equipment and which employs only inexpensive reagents, demonstrates the conversion of anthranilic acid to o-fluorobenzoic acid via the modified Schiemann Reaction

RT-Syn: A real-time software system generator

This paper presents research into providing highly reusable and maintainable components by using automatic software synthesis techniques. This proposal uses domain knowledge combined with automatic software synthesis techniques to engineer large-scale mission-critical real-time software. The hypothesis centers on a software synthesis architecture that specifically incorporates application-specific (in this case real-time) knowledge. This architecture synthesizes complex system software to meet a behavioral specification and external interaction design constraints. Some examples of these external constraints are communication protocols, precisions, timing, and space limitations. The incorporation of application-specific knowledge facilitates the generation of mathematical software metrics which are used to narrow the design space, thereby making software synthesis tractable. Success has the potential to dramatically reduce mission-critical system life-cycle costs not only by reducing development time, but more importantly facilitating maintenance, modifications, and extensions of complex mission-critical software systems, which are currently dominating life cycle costs

The Indo-Australian weevil genus Platytenes Pascoe, 1870 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Cryptorhynchinae)

The formerly monotypic weevil genus Platytenes Pascoe (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Cryptorhynchinae: Cryptorhynchini: Cryptorhynchina) as treated here, includes two commonly encountered and broadly distributed species in the eastern Indo-Australian region. Label data indicate that both species are associated with semicultivated betel palm (Areca catechu L., Arecaceae) and human mediated dispersal is suggested to have influenced their present-day distribution. Herein, we provide a diagnosis for Platytenes and redescribe its type species, P. varius Pascoe. We also describe P. occultus Setliff and Larson, a new species from the Solomon Islands. New host and locality records are provided, including the first records of the genus occurring on Ambon Island, the Bismarck Archipelago, D’Entrecasteaux Islands, and many previously unreported localities on New Guinea. A full bibliography, key to species, and distribution map for the genus are also provided

First record of the agave snout weevil, Scyphophorus acupunctatusGyllenhal (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Dryophthorinae), in Puerto Rico

The agave snout weevil, Scyphophorus acupunctatus Gyllenhal (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Dryophthorinae), is reported from Puerto Rico for the first time. It was collected on feral sisal, Agave sisalana Perrine (Agavaceae), in the Guánica Dry Forest Reserve in the southwestern part of the island

Management of Antarctic Krill

This study pertains to the problem of international activity in an area of political and ecological sensitivity, the Southern Ocean. Of specific concern is the question of which group of states should have a voice in management of Antarctic krill. The niche filled by krill within the ecosystem and its potential as a fishery is discussed. Past international practice has been affected for the most part by the Antarctic Treaty of 1959 which has maintained a somewhat exclusive club of nations as the overseers of Antarctic activity. However, states not party to the 1959 Treaty are becoming interested in the possible benefits of a krill fishery. Differences of opinion over this juridical issue will hinder any attempt at international management of krill

Landlord Liability for Crimes Committed by Third Parties Against Tenants

A landlord\u27s potential liability for crimes committed by third parties against tenants has been a dynamic and expanding area of the law since 1970. While several jurisdictions have been reluctant to expand the landlord\u27s liability to his tenant, other courts have found the landlord liable for criminal acts based upon tort and contract principles

States\u27 Rights Apogee, 1760-1840

America\u27s states\u27 rights tradition has held much influence since the ratification of the U.S. Constitution in 1788. In late 1798, in response to the Federalist administration\u27s adoption of the Alien and Sedition Acts, the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions were formally adopted by the legislatures of Virginia and Kentucky respectively. These resolutions set a lasting precedent for state interposition and nullification. As well concurrence with these doctrines can be found in the Virginia Resolves of 1790, the constitutional debates of 1787-1790, and all throughout the colonial-revolutionary period of the 1760s to 1780s. In time, the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions would gain stature and would define the American political culture of the nineteenth century. They became known as the Principles of 1798. The Tariff Crisis of 1828-1832 in South Carolina may be contextualized in light of the Principles of 1798. This inquiry endeavors to answer why those principles are integral to the American constitutional tradition. The continuity of the 1798 resolves with colonial-revolutionary practice reveals them as neither rash nor innovative, but in accord with the localism innate to American political tradition

Understanding the Connections Between High-Stakes Test Consequences and School Literacy Experiences.

The purpose of this ethnographic study was to connect the remedial summer school experiences of two fourth-grade students and four fifth-grade students with their school literacy experiences the following year. Understanding the students\u27 experiences and connecting the experiences with school personnel provided a link between the students\u27 and school personnel\u27s perceptions of high-stakes testing consequences. Bridging these perceptions through cross-case analysis revealed the physical, emotional, and philosophical effects high-stakes testing is having on the students, school administrators, classroom teachers, and reading curriculum and instruction at the two elementary schools studied. Integrating the findings at the two schools helped develop a clearer view of who and what are affected in schools by high-stakes testing placed in school accountability programs. Findings include the following: (a) summer-school reading instruction that enabled the students to attain a promotional score on the high-stakes test, but that did not prepare them for the reading instruction they encountered the following year, (b) reading instruction that transforms itself into the form of the accountability test administered that year, and (c) identical student implementation of the various reading instruction programs offered the following school year. A composite of student characteristics was also identified including the following: (a) children who have never been on reading grade level, (b) high school mobility rates, (c) attendance at schools deemed achieving below level , and (d) acceptance of the high-stakes test\u27s impact on their lives. Classroom teachers most affected physically and emotionally by high-stakes tests were veteran teachers, especially ones in the gatekeeper grades. Administrators were affected by the conflict that occurs with knowing where their student population is coming from and having to provide what is needed to get them to the accountability standards, which is limited to the students\u27 performance on the high-stakes test. The researcher offers suggestions and ways for using transformative or emancipatory reading and conversation to strengthen students\u27, administrators\u27, classroom teachers\u27, and literacy researchers\u27 understanding of the effects of the juxtaposition of high-stakes testing and standards-based accountability and ways of gaining control of the educational testing situation