Las Entidades bancarias en colombia, consecuencia de un movimiento constante del sector bancaria

El presente artículo pretende mostrar, en forma detallada y descriptiva, aspectos relevantes y de carácter histórico de las entidades bancarias en Colombia, a partir de la actividad bancaria desde 1841 y con énfasis en cada uno de los siete períodos que signi caron el desarrollo de la misma, así como en aquellas entidades claves dentro de su fortalecimiento. Los períodos por considerar son la época de “banca libre” (1870 – 1923); el nacimiento del Banco e la República (1923); el surgimiento de diversos bancos entre 1929 y 1949 y de la ASOBANCARIA en 1936; las dos crisis en el período (1956 – 1986), época en la cual aparece FOGAFÍN (1985); a llegada de la banca extranjera (1990 – 1997); la crisis entre los años 1998 y 2001, y los demás hechos importantes hasta nales del año 2009. La evolución de las entidades bancarias se ve enmarcada por las diferentes crisis, auges y reformas quetuvieron lugar a lo largo del tiempo, haciendo posible lo que representa el sector bancario en la actualidad

Relaciones Empíricas Entre Empresas y Bancos. Una Visión Financiera

The research group on economics and business carried out the project "theoretical and empiricalaspects of firms – banks" relationship. The general objective was developing an investigationabout the channels and variables through which a relationship is establish between firms returnand performance, on one hand, and banks´ solvency and returns´ on the other.The main purpose of this paper is discussing the importance of firms´ financial management onfinancial sector credit policy establishment.El Grupo de Estudios en Economía y Empresa desarrolló, durante 2003, el proyecto Aspectosteóricos y empíricos de la relación empresas-bancos, cuyo objetivo general fue realizar una indagación sobre los canales y las variables a través de los cuales se establece una relación entre la rentabilidad y desempeño de las empresas, con la solidez y rentabilidad de los bancos (con datos de la economía colombiana para el lapso 1995-2000): para ello, se realizaron dos ejercicios, uno de carácter estadístico y otro de análisis financiero. El propósito de este artículo es presentar, en detalle, el análisis financiero de las relaciones empíricas entre bancos y empresas del sector real

Relaciones Empíricas Entre Empresas y Bancos. Una Visión Financiera

The research group on economics and business carried out the project "theoretical and empiricalaspects of firms – banks" relationship. The general objective was developing an investigationabout the channels and variables through which a relationship is establish between firms returnand performance, on one hand, and banks´ solvency and returns´ on the other.The main purpose of this paper is discussing the importance of firms´ financial management onfinancial sector credit policy establishment.El Grupo de Estudios en Economía y Empresa desarrolló, durante 2003, el proyecto Aspectosteóricos y empíricos de la relación empresas-bancos, cuyo objetivo general fue realizar una indagación sobre los canales y las variables a través de los cuales se establece una relación entre la rentabilidad y desempeño de las empresas, con la solidez y rentabilidad de los bancos (con datos de la economía colombiana para el lapso 1995-2000): para ello, se realizaron dos ejercicios, uno de carácter estadístico y otro de análisis financiero. El propósito de este artículo es presentar, en detalle, el análisis financiero de las relaciones empíricas entre bancos y empresas del sector real

La imagen y la narrativa como herramientas para el abordaje psicosocial en escenarios de violencia. Departamentos de Bolívar, Magdalena, Antioquia y el territorio de Chile

En este trabajo se analiza cómo el conflicto armado en Colombia ha afectado a la población rural, donde las comunidades son vulnerables por estar invisibilizadas por el mismo Estado, quienes no han prestado la suficiente atención a la población que se encuentra en medio de esta guerra que se ha vivido durante décadas en varios lugares del territorio colombiano. La violencia ha generado gran impacto en todo el mundo, violencia que ha causado pérdida humanas, afectaciones físicas, emocionales y psicológicas; causada por factores como pobreza, desigualdad social, indiferencia, exclusión, maltrato psicológico y social, falta de tolerancia y respeto por el otro, ha llevado a que se generen conflictos que han tenido una dimensión social tan exorbitante, que solo ha dejado dolor y sufrimiento en las víctimas, aquellas que han perdido sus derechos, su dignidad, su patrimonio y en algunos casos su libertad de pensamiento y de expresión. Se analizará el relato de Camilo un joven víctima del conflicto armado en Colombia, específicamente del pacifico colombiano, quien ha sufrido por amenazas y hechos violentos que han dejado en él y su familia un impacto psicosocial que lo llevaron a escapar del Chocó para no perder su vida. Se resalta la resiliencia de este joven que a pesar de sufrir tantas adversidades lucha día a día por su comunidad, quien desea ver su territorio libre, con mejores oportunidades y con protección de los derechos hacia su comunidad. Asimismo, se expondrán las diferentes problemáticas psicosociales por las que pasa la comunidad del caso Peñas Coloradas, quienes son estigmatizados por una falsa creencia de ser colaboradores y cómplices de la guerrilla, por estar en medio del conflicto armado y olvidados por el gobierno Colombiano. Al igual se presentarán las estrategias psicosociales para abordar este caso. Finalmente el informe termina con la foto voz y narrativa realizada en el paso 3 del diplomado, donde se refleja la realidad de diferentes comunidades que han mantenido algún tipo de violencia la cual ha permeado y dañado a estas comunidades, de igual forma se muestra una mirada transformadora que evoca una realidad de reconstrucción del tejido social. Palabras clave: conflicto armado, víctimas, resiliencia, impacto psicosocial.In this work, It analyzes how the armed conflict in Colombia has affected the rural population, where the communities are vulnerable because they are made invisible by the State itself, who have not paid enough attention to the population that is in the middle of this war that has been lived for decades in various parts of the Colombian territory. The Violence has generated great impact throughout the world, violence that has caused human loss, physical, emotional and psychological damage; caused by factors such as poverty, social inequality, indifference, exclusion, psychological and social abuse, lack of tolerance and respect for the other, It has led to the generation of conflicts that have had such an exorbitant social dimension, which has only left pain and suffering in the victims, those who have lost their rights, their dignity, their heritage and in some cases their freedom of thought and expression. The story of Camilo, a young victim of the armed conflict in Colombia, specifically from the Colombian Pacific, will be analyzed, who has suffered from threats and violent acts that have left a psychosocial impact on him and his family that led him to escape from Choco in order not to lose his life. The resilience of this young man is highlighted, who despite suffering so many adversities, fights every day for his community, who wants to see his territory free, with better opportunities and with protection of the rights towards his community. In this Word Will be exposed the different psychosocial problems that the community of the Peñas Coloradas, who are stigmatized by a false belief of being collaborators and accomplices of the guerrillas because they are in the middle of the armed conflict and are forgotten by the Colombian government. Likewise, psychosocial strategies will be presented to address this case. Finally, the report ends with the photo voice and narrative made in step 3 of the diplomat, which reflects the reality of different communities that have sustained some type of violence which has permeated and damaged these communities, in the same way, a transforming look is shown that evokes a reality of reconstruction of the social fabric. Keywords: armed conflict, victims, psychosocial impact, resilienc

Extensive antimicrobial resistance mobilization via Multicopy Plasmid Encapsidation mediated by temperate phages

Objectives: To investigate the relevance of multicopy plasmids in antimicrobial resistance and assess their mobilization mediated by phage particles Methods: Several databases with complete sequences of plasmids and annotated genes were analysed. The 16S methyltransferase gene armA conferring high-level aminoglycoside resistance was used as a marker in eight different plasmids, from different incompatibility groups, and with differing sizes and plasmid copy numbers. All plasmids were transformed into Escherichia coli bearing one of four different lysogenic phages. Upon induction, encapsidation of armA in phage particles was evaluated using qRT-PCR and Southern blotting. Results: Multicopy plasmids carry a vast set of emerging clinically important antimicrobial resistance genes. However, 60% of these plasmids do not bear mobility (MOB) genes. When carried on these multicopy plasmids, mobilization of a marker gene armA into phage capsids was up to 10000 times more frequent than when it was encoded by a large plasmid with a low copy number. Conclusions: Multicopy plasmids and phages, two major mobile genetic elements (MGE) in bacteria, represent a novel high-efficiency transmission route of antimicrobial resistance genes that deserves further investigation

Climate change and cancer: an oncology nurse perspective in two Colombian regions

Given the lack of publications and public policies addressing the relationship between cli-mate change and cancer care in Colombia, we present an exploration of the perspectives and communication practices of a group of nurses from Valle del Cauca and Antioquia. We provide a context based on the available literature on climate change and general health then provide an overview of cancer in the country. Next, we present how oncology nurses have incorporated information about strategies their patients can use to mitigate the effects of climate change on their health. We highlight the centrality of patient -centered communication using a framework from the US National Cancer Institute) and the fundamental role nurses have in patients' experiences throughout their treatment. We conclude with the need to investigate oncology nurse communication practices in other Colombian hospitals, with consideration of culture, cancer stigma, barriers to care and other factors that may influence successful climate change mitigation and to bet-ter understand how other Latin American oncology nurses are addressing this serious challenge

Umbral crítico de administración en pacientes con trauma severo y reanimación endovascular: ¿Un concepto útil?

Introducción. Se describe la utilidad del umbral crítico de administración (CAT por su denominación en inglés) como herramienta para la reanimación hemostática en pacientes con trauma severo y oclusión endovascular aórtica. Métodos. Revisión retrospectiva de pacientes adultos con hemorragia por trauma, con o sin oclusión endovascular aórtica (REBOA), atendidos entre enero de 2015 y junio de 2020, en un centro de trauma nivel I en Cali, Colombia. Se registraron variables demográficas, severidad del trauma, estado clínico, requerimiento transfusional, tiempo hasta CAT+ y CAT alcanzado (1, 2 ó 3). Resultados. Se incluyeron 93 pacientes, se utilizó REBOA en 36 y manejo tradicional en 57. El grupo REBOA presentó mayor volumen de sangrado (mediana de 3000 ml, RIC: 1950-3625 ml) frente al grupo control (mediana de1500 ml, RIC: 700-2975ml) (p<0,001) y mayor cantidad de glóbulos rojos transfundidos en las primeras 6 horas (mediana de 5, RIC:4-9); p=0,015 y en las primeras 24 horas (mediana de 6, RIC: 4-11); p=0,005. No hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas en número de pacientes CAT+ entre grupos o tiempo hasta alcanzarlo. Sin embargo, el estado CAT+ durante los primeros 30 minutos de la cirugía fue mayor en grupo REBOA (24/36, 66,7 %) frente al grupo control (17/57, 29,8 %; p=0,001), teniendo este mayor tasa de mortalidad intrahospitalaria frente a los pacientes CAT-. Conclusión. El umbral crítico de administración es una herramienta útil en la reanimación hemostática de pacientes con trauma y REBOA, que podría predecir mortalidad precoz

Spatiotemporal Characteristics of the Largest HIV-1 CRF02_AG Outbreak in Spain: Evidence for Onward Transmissions

Background and Aim: The circulating recombinant form 02_AG (CRF02_AG) is the predominant clade among the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) non-Bs with a prevalence of 5.97% (95% Confidence Interval-CI: 5.41–6.57%) across Spain. Our aim was to estimate the levels of regional clustering for CRF02_AG and the spatiotemporal characteristics of the largest CRF02_AG subepidemic in Spain.Methods: We studied 396 CRF02_AG sequences obtained from HIV-1 diagnosed patients during 2000–2014 from 10 autonomous communities of Spain. Phylogenetic analysis was performed on the 391 CRF02_AG sequences along with all globally sampled CRF02_AG sequences (N = 3,302) as references. Phylodynamic and phylogeographic analysis was performed to the largest CRF02_AG monophyletic cluster by a Bayesian method in BEAST v1.8.0 and by reconstructing ancestral states using the criterion of parsimony in Mesquite v3.4, respectively.Results: The HIV-1 CRF02_AG prevalence differed across Spanish autonomous communities we sampled from (p &lt; 0.001). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that 52.7% of the CRF02_AG sequences formed 56 monophyletic clusters, with a range of 2–79 sequences. The CRF02_AG regional dispersal differed across Spain (p = 0.003), as suggested by monophyletic clustering. For the largest monophyletic cluster (subepidemic) (N = 79), 49.4% of the clustered sequences originated from Madrid, while most sequences (51.9%) had been obtained from men having sex with men (MSM). Molecular clock analysis suggested that the origin (tMRCA) of the CRF02_AG subepidemic was in 2002 (median estimate; 95% Highest Posterior Density-HPD interval: 1999–2004). Additionally, we found significant clustering within the CRF02_AG subepidemic according to the ethnic origin.Conclusion: CRF02_AG has been introduced as a result of multiple introductions in Spain, following regional dispersal in several cases. We showed that CRF02_AG transmissions were mostly due to regional dispersal in Spain. The hot-spot for the largest CRF02_AG regional subepidemic in Spain was in Madrid associated with MSM transmission risk group. The existence of subepidemics suggest that several spillovers occurred from Madrid to other areas. CRF02_AG sequences from Hispanics were clustered in a separate subclade suggesting no linkage between the local and Hispanic subepidemics

Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BACKGROUND Regular, detailed reporting on population health by underlying cause of death is fundamental for public health decision making. Cause-specific estimates of mortality and the subsequent effects on life expectancy worldwide are valuable metrics to gauge progress in reducing mortality rates. These estimates are particularly important following large-scale mortality spikes, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. When systematically analysed, mortality rates and life expectancy allow comparisons of the consequences of causes of death globally and over time, providing a nuanced understanding of the effect of these causes on global populations. METHODS The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 cause-of-death analysis estimated mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) from 288 causes of death by age-sex-location-year in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations for each year from 1990 until 2021. The analysis used 56 604 data sources, including data from vital registration and verbal autopsy as well as surveys, censuses, surveillance systems, and cancer registries, among others. As with previous GBD rounds, cause-specific death rates for most causes were estimated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model-a modelling tool developed for GBD to assess the out-of-sample predictive validity of different statistical models and covariate permutations and combine those results to produce cause-specific mortality estimates-with alternative strategies adapted to model causes with insufficient data, substantial changes in reporting over the study period, or unusual epidemiology. YLLs were computed as the product of the number of deaths for each cause-age-sex-location-year and the standard life expectancy at each age. As part of the modelling process, uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated using the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles from a 1000-draw distribution for each metric. We decomposed life expectancy by cause of death, location, and year to show cause-specific effects on life expectancy from 1990 to 2021. We also used the coefficient of variation and the fraction of population affected by 90% of deaths to highlight concentrations of mortality. Findings are reported in counts and age-standardised rates. Methodological improvements for cause-of-death estimates in GBD 2021 include the expansion of under-5-years age group to include four new age groups, enhanced methods to account for stochastic variation of sparse data, and the inclusion of COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality-which includes excess mortality associated with the pandemic, excluding COVID-19, lower respiratory infections, measles, malaria, and pertussis. For this analysis, 199 new country-years of vital registration cause-of-death data, 5 country-years of surveillance data, 21 country-years of verbal autopsy data, and 94 country-years of other data types were added to those used in previous GBD rounds. FINDINGS The leading causes of age-standardised deaths globally were the same in 2019 as they were in 1990; in descending order, these were, ischaemic heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lower respiratory infections. In 2021, however, COVID-19 replaced stroke as the second-leading age-standardised cause of death, with 94·0 deaths (95% UI 89·2-100·0) per 100 000 population. The COVID-19 pandemic shifted the rankings of the leading five causes, lowering stroke to the third-leading and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to the fourth-leading position. In 2021, the highest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 occurred in sub-Saharan Africa (271·0 deaths [250·1-290·7] per 100 000 population) and Latin America and the Caribbean (195·4 deaths [182·1-211·4] per 100 000 population). The lowest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 were in the high-income super-region (48·1 deaths [47·4-48·8] per 100 000 population) and southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania (23·2 deaths [16·3-37·2] per 100 000 population). Globally, life expectancy steadily improved between 1990 and 2019 for 18 of the 22 investigated causes. Decomposition of global and regional life expectancy showed the positive effect that reductions in deaths from enteric infections, lower respiratory infections, stroke, and neonatal deaths, among others have contributed to improved survival over the study period. However, a net reduction of 1·6 years occurred in global life expectancy between 2019 and 2021, primarily due to increased death rates from COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality. Life expectancy was highly variable between super-regions over the study period, with southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania gaining 8·3 years (6·7-9·9) overall, while having the smallest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 (0·4 years). The largest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 occurred in Latin America and the Caribbean (3·6 years). Additionally, 53 of the 288 causes of death were highly concentrated in locations with less than 50% of the global population as of 2021, and these causes of death became progressively more concentrated since 1990, when only 44 causes showed this pattern. The concentration phenomenon is discussed heuristically with respect to enteric and lower respiratory infections, malaria, HIV/AIDS, neonatal disorders, tuberculosis, and measles. INTERPRETATION Long-standing gains in life expectancy and reductions in many of the leading causes of death have been disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic, the adverse effects of which were spread unevenly among populations. Despite the pandemic, there has been continued progress in combatting several notable causes of death, leading to improved global life expectancy over the study period. Each of the seven GBD super-regions showed an overall improvement from 1990 and 2021, obscuring the negative effect in the years of the pandemic. Additionally, our findings regarding regional variation in causes of death driving increases in life expectancy hold clear policy utility. Analyses of shifting mortality trends reveal that several causes, once widespread globally, are now increasingly concentrated geographically. These changes in mortality concentration, alongside further investigation of changing risks, interventions, and relevant policy, present an important opportunity to deepen our understanding of mortality-reduction strategies. Examining patterns in mortality concentration might reveal areas where successful public health interventions have been implemented. Translating these successes to locations where certain causes of death remain entrenched can inform policies that work to improve life expectancy for people everywhere. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

The Role of Hospital Networks in Individual Mortality

Las redes hospitalarias estrechas han proliferado en los sistemas sanitarios con competencia de asistencia gestionada. En este trabajo investigamos el efecto causal de la amplitud de la red hospitalaria en la mortalidad de los pacientes. Para identificar este efecto, aprovechamos las cancelaciones de aseguradoras y las posteriores cancelaciones de hospitales integrados verticalmente. Utilizamos datos del sistema sanitario colombiano, donde la mayor aseguradora de salud (Saludcoop) y sus hospitales fueron dados de baja a finales de 2015. Los resultados muestran que las aseguradoras de red amplia reducen la mortalidad de los pacientes porque incluyen hospitales de alta calidad y pueden tratar más condiciones de salud. Nuestros resultados sugieren que, en un entorno sin competencia de precios, el acceso a la atención sanitaria a través de unas pocas aseguradoras con redes amplias es mejor para la salud de los pacientes que el acceso a la atención sanitaria a través de muchas aseguradoras con redes estrechas.Narrow hospital networks have proliferated in health systems with managed care competition. In this paper, we investigate the causal effect of hospital network breadth on patient mortality. We leverage insurer terminations and subsequent hospital terminations for vertically integrated hospitals to identify this effect. We use data from the Colombian healthcare system where the largest health insurer (Saludcoop) and its hospitals were terminated by the end of 2015. Findings show that broad-network insurers reduce patient mortality because they include high-quality hospitals and can treat more health conditions. Our results suggest that in a setting without price competition, access to health care through a few insurers with broad networks is better for patient health than access to health care through many insurers with narrow networks