1,389 research outputs found

    Towards the conceptualisation of maritime delimitation: legal and technical aspects of a political process

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    The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea sets a normative framework for an integrated governance of the oceans, with far-reaching implications for states. Its implementation - as to navigation rights, preservation of marine environment, exploitation of resources, economic jurisdiction, or any other marine issues - depends however on one central issue: the spatial allocation of authority. This thesis examines one specific aspect of this international legal problem - maritime boundary delimitation. A major challenge for this thesis lies in the fact that its subject has been extensively and thoroughly reviewed, both in scholarship and in jurisprudence. Notwithstanding this, a closer look reveals a paucity of conceptual analysis. Drawing on historical elements, as well as on state practice and case law, the present thesis endeavours to further the understanding of maritime delimitation from a conceptual standpoint. Focusing on the development of conventional provisions on delimitation, Part I eventually argues that the so-called 'equitable principles doctrine' is not customary law. What is part of customary law is an obligation of result: maritime delimitations must resulting equitable solutions. The distinction between these propositions becomes clear in Part II. By deconstructing the subject into its three core issues - concept, methods and normativity, this thesis submits that the said obligation is to be met through the optimisation of two legal principles: the principle of maritime zoning and the principle of equity. Whilst suggesting that the watchword is reasonableness, it proposes that the reasonableness of the boundary be objectified by reference to a novel concept: the average 'distance ratio' of the line. As a denouement, Part III investigates the 'discovery' of boundary-lines. Recognising that the legal determination of maritime boundaries consists of a multiple-factor analysis, in which the sphere of discretion conferred upon courts is critical, it aims at improving reasoning discourse through 'multicriteria decision-making' and the utilisation of 'yardsticks'. After discussing which elements of the 'factual matrix' are legally relevant, and how they bear on the 'discovery' of the boundary-line, this thesis offers a test study intended to validate the conceptualisation proposed

    Prevalência de lesões pré-neoplásicas e tumores cutâneos não melanomas em nipo-brasileiros residentes na cidade de Bauru, São Paulo, Brasil

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    Precancerous lesions and skin cancer are infrequent in Asians, and have received little documentation in the literature. Brazil has the world's largest contingent of Japanese immigrants and their descendants, and 70% live in the State of São Paulo. The prevalence of such skin lesions in Japanese-Brazilians is unknown. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of actinic keratoses and non-melanoma skin cancer in first and second-generation Japanese-Brazilians over 30 years of age, without miscegenation, living in the city of Bauru, São Paulo State, in 2006. Of the 567 Japanese-Brazilians that underwent dermatological examination, actinic keratosis was diagnosed in 76, with a mean age of 68.9 years, and a single case of basal cell carcinoma was detected in a 39-year-old female patient. In Japan, prevalence of actinic keratosis varies from 0.76% to 5%, and the incidence of non-melanoma skin cancer is 1.2 to 5.4/100 thousand. Japanese-Brazilians from Bauru showed a 13.4% prevalence of actinic keratoses and earlier age at onset. Proximity to the Equator and a history of farming contribute to these higher rates. Presence of solar melanosis was associated with a 1.9-fold risk of developing actinic keratosis.Manifestações cutâneas pré-neoplásicas e neoplásicas em asiáticos são infreqüentes e pouco documentadas. O Brasil possui o maior contingente de imigrantes japoneses e 70% deles residem no Estado de São Paulo. A prevalência dessas lesões em nipo-brasileiros é desconhecida. O presente estudo tem como objetivo avaliar a prevalência de queratoses actínicas e tumores cutâneos não melanomas em nipo-brasileiros acima de trinta anos de 1ª geração ou 2ª geração, sem miscigenação, residentes na cidade de Bauru, no ano de 2006. Dos 567 nipo-brasileiros submetidos a exame dermatológico, diagnosticou-se queratose actínica em 76 pacientes, com média de idade de 68,9 anos, e único carcinoma basocelular em paciente do sexo feminino de 39 anos. No Japão, a prevalência de queratose actínica é de 0,76% a 5% e a incidência de tumores cutâneos não melanomas é de 1,2 a 5,4/100 mil. Os nipo-brasileiros de Bauru apresentaram prevalência de 13,4% de queratoses actínicas e idade mais precoce de aparecimento. Proximidade com o Equador e atividades rurais contribuem para esses achados. A presença de melanose solar demonstrou risco 1,9 vez maior de desenvolver queratose actínica.Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Escola Paulista de MedicinaUniversidade Estadual Paulista Faculdade de Medicina de BotucatuUNIFESP, EPMSciEL

    Morphometric Analysis of the Internal Auditory Canal by Computed Tomography Imaging

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    Background: Many clinical and experimental studies have been done to analyze the anatomical and functional aspects of the internal auditory canal (IAC) in human beings since there are great inter-individual variability and structural variations that may occur regarding the other adjacent structures.Objectives: the purpose of this study was to characterize the morphology of the internal auditory canal (IAC) during development using high resolution computed tomography (CT) and to analyze its dimensions, which will be determined by measuring the nearby areas and structures using a system of digital image processing.Patients and Methods: CT images of the IAC of 110 normal subjects aged 1 to 92 years (mean age, 46.5 years) of both genders were reviewed to determine the shape, area, opening width (OW), longitudinal length (LL), vertical diameter (VD) and distance from the vestibular aqueduct.Results: the shapes observed in children and adults were funnel-shaped (74% and 58.3%, respectively), cylindrical (22% and 30.9%, respectively) and bud-shaped (4% and 10.8%, respectively). the measurements by CT in children were: area= 50.30 mm(2), OW = 7.53 mm, length = 11.17 mm, VD = 4.82 mm and the distance between the IAC and the vestibular aqueduct (VA) = 12.63 mm. in adults, the measurements were: area = 44.64 mm(2), OW = 7.10 mm, length = 9.84 mm, VD = 4.47 mm and the distance between IAC and VA = 11.17 mm.Conclusions: CT images showed that the IAC has different shapes and when the measurements obtained for children were compared with those of adults, the parameters that presented statistically significant differences in either gender were length and diameter. Copyright (C) 2012, Tehran University of Medical Sciences and Iranian Society of Radiology. Published by Kowsar Corp. All rights reserved.Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Morphol & Genet, São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Diag Image, São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Inst Phys, São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Morphol & Genet, São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Diag Image, São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Inst Phys, São Paulo, BrazilWeb of Scienc

    Optimal L2-norm empirical importance weights for the change of probability measure

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    This work proposes an optimization formulation to determine a set of empirical importance weights to achieve a change of probability measure. The objective is to estimate statistics from a target distribution using random samples generated from a (different) proposal distribution. This work considers the specific case in which the proposal distribution from which the random samples are generated is unknown; that is, we have available the samples but no explicit description of their underlying distribution. In this setting, the Radon–Nikodym theorem provides a valid but indeterminable solution to the task, since the distribution from which the random samples are generated is inaccessible. The proposed approach employs the well-defined and determinable empirical distribution function associated with the available samples. The core idea is to compute importance weights associated with the random samples, such that the distance between the weighted proposal empirical distribution function and the desired target distribution function is minimized. The distance metric selected for this work is the L[subscript 2] -norm and the importance weights are constrained to define a probability measure. The resulting optimization problem is shown to be a single linear equality and box-constrained quadratic program. This problem can be solved efficiently using optimization algorithms that scale well to high dimensions. Under some conditions restricting the class of distribution functions, the solution of the optimization problem is shown to result in a weighted proposal empirical distribution function that converges to the target distribution function in the L[subscript 1] -norm, as the number of samples tends to infinity. Results on a variety of test cases show that the proposed approach performs well in comparison with other well-known approaches.Singapore University of Technology and Design. International Design CenterUnited States. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (META program through AFRL Contract FA8650-10-C-7083 and Vanderbilt University Contract VUDSR#21807-S7)United States. Federal Aviation Administration. Office of Environment and Energy (FAA Award No. 09-C-NE-MIT, Amendment Nos. 028, 033, and 038

    Avaliação da atividade antimicrobiana de máscaras cirúrgicas revestidas com silano e tio2

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    The use of the surgical mask as we know it today began in Germany in 1897 and its effectiveness as a microbial barrier is recognized. However, there are some factors that can compromise the protective effect of a surgical mask, and this effect is only maintained when the surface layer of the mask is hydrophobic and dry. In this context, there is a need to replace masks that are wet from prolonged use or that have been contaminated with blood or other secretions with clean masks, which cannot always be done immediately during emergency procedures. In addition, the hands of healthcare workers can be contaminated during the removal of surgical masks. The coating of surfaces by different metals can give these coated materials antimicrobial activity. In this context, titanium dioxide (TiO2) has known antimicrobial activity and is used in a wide variety of biological applications. In addition, coatings made up of silica particles, TiO2 or other oxides to modify the roughness of surfaces in order to make them hydrophobic. The sol-gel method can be applied to obtain a hydrophobic coating and this method involves the hydrolysis of a silica precursor source, such as tetraethyl orthosilicate (SiO2), with alcohol at low temperatures. Therefore, the present dissertation aims to develop a coverage with antimicrobial properties, based on the preparation of particles (Ps) of TiO2 with SiO2, on the textile composition of 100% polypropylene (PP) used for making surgical masks. The study was carried out through the following treatments: (a) immersion of tissue in tetraethylorthosilicate (SIO2) solution, PP/SIO2 sample; (b) immersion of tissue in SIO2 solution and after curing, sample PP/SiO2-curing; (c) immersing the tissue in SIO2 solution and after curing the tissue is immersed in titanium isopropoxide solution, sample PP/SIO2- curing-TiO2; (d) immersion of tissue in SiO2 solution, followed by immersion in titanium isopropoxide solution and finally curing, sample PP/SiO2-TiO2-curing. The microcrystalline structure and morphology of the samples were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and electron microscopy (SEM). The degree of hydrophobicity of the surface was evaluated by measuring the contact angle. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated by the bacterial growth inhibition technique. The data obtained by XRD confirmed the crystalline pattern of the PP tissue in all analyzed samples. The amorphous SiO2 diffraction peak was only observed in the PP/SiO2-Cure and PP/SiO2-TiO2-Cure samples. TiO2 diffraction peaks were only observed in the PP/SiO2-TiO2-cure sample. The SEM showed in all analyzed samples the PP non-woven, formed by 18.5 m wide interwoven microfibers. The SEM-EDS showed the low incorporation of TiO2 in the PP non-woven. The contact angle showed the highest degree of hydrophobicity 11 in the PP/SiO2-curing sample. There was no inhibition of bacterial growth in Kirby Bauer, however, in the biofilm analysis, the PP + TiO2 + SiO2 + Cura sample showed a decrease in bacterial biomass.O uso da máscara cirúrgica como conhecemos hoje teve início na Alemanha em 1897 e sua eficácia como barreira microbiana é reconhecida. No entanto, existem alguns fatores que podem comprometer o efeito protetor de uma máscara cirúrgica, e esse efeito só é mantido quando a camada superficial da máscara é hidrofóbica e seca. Neste contexto, existe a necessidade de substituição de máscaras que estão úmidas devido ao uso prolongado ou que foram contaminadas com sangue ou outras secreções, por máscaras limpas, o que nem sempre pode ser feito imediatamente durante procedimentos de emergência. Além disso as mãos dos profissionais de saúde podem ser contaminadas durante a remoção das máscaras cirúrgica. O revestimento de superfícies por diferentes metais, pode conferir a estes materiais recobertos atividade antimicrobiana. Neste contexto, o dióxido de titânio (TiO2) tem atividade antimicrobiana conhecida e é utilizado uma para ampla variedade de aplicações biológicas. Além disso, revestimentos constituídos por partículas de sílica, TiO2 ou outros óxidos para modificar a rugosidade das superfícies, a fim de torná-las hidrofóbicas. O método sol-gel pode ser aplicado para obter um revestimento hidrofóbico e esse método envolve a hidrólise de uma fonte precursora de sílica, como o ortossilicato de tetraetila (SiO2), com álcool, em baixas temperaturas. Portanto, a presente dissertação visa desenvolver uma cobertura com propriedades antimicrobianas, baseada na preparação de partículas de TiO2 com SiO2, sobre a composição têxtil de 100% polipropileno (PP) utilizado para a confecção de máscaras cirúrgicas. O estudo foi realizado por meio dos seguintes tratamentos: (a) imersão do tecido em solução tetraetilortosilicato (SiO2), amostra PP/SiO2; (b) imersão do tecido em solução SiO2 e após a cura, amostra PP/SiO2-cura; (c) imersão do tecido em solução SiO2 a após a cura o tecido é imerso em solução isopropóxido de titânio, amostra PP/SiO2-cura-TiO2; (d) imersão do tecido em solução SiO2, seguida de imersão em solução isoprópoxido de titânio e finalmente cura, amostra PP/SiO2-TiO2-cura. A estrutura micro cristalina e morfologia das amostras foi analisada por difração de raios X (DRX) e microscopia eletrônica (MEV). O grau de hidrofobicidade da superfície foi avaliado por meio da medida de ângulo de contato. A atividade antimicrobiana foi avaliada pela técnica de inibição de crescimento bacteriano. Os dados obtidos por DRX confirmou o padrão cristalino do tecido de PP em todas as amostras analisadas. O pico de difração do SiO2 amorfo só foi observado nas amostras PP/SiO2-cura e PP/SiO2-TiO2-Cura. Os picos de difração do TiO2 só foram observados na amostra PP/SiO2- TiO2-cura. O MEV mostrou em todas as amostras analisadas o não-tecido do PP, formado por microfibras entrelaçadas de 18,5µm de largura. O MEV-EDS mostrou a baixa incorporação de 9 TiO2 no não-tecido de PP. O ângulo de contato mostrou o maior grau de hidrofobicidade na amostra PP/SiO2-cura. Não ocorreu inibição do crescimento bacteriano no Kirby Bauer, porém, na análise de biofilme a amostra PP + TiO2 + SiO2 + Cura apresentou diminuição na biomassa bacteriana

    Paralelos e contexto do urbanismo moderno no sul do Brasil

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    Análise e reflexão sobre as relações culturais do projeto vencedor do Concurso Nacional do Plano Piloto da Nova Capital do Brasil, com outro concurso, realizado em paralelo, dentro de condições semelhantes e pensamento afinado, ilustrando interpretações concomitantes sobre o urbanismo moderno, nas diversas regiões brasileiras. O Concurso para o Delta do Jacuí, lançado um ano depois do de Brasília, o segundo maior concurso brasileiro - tanto em volume de projeto quanto valores envolvidos - realizado naquelas décadas, vencido por equipe formada originalmente para o concurso da capital federal, integrada por protagonistas da vanguarda moderna brasileira no sul do país, revela, em parte, paralelismos e idiossincrasias da cultura moderna brasileira e do urbanismo de Brasília, praticada na região meridional brasileira.

    Orexin activation precedes increased NPY expression, hyperphagia, and metabolic changes in response to sleep deprivation

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    Martins PJ, Marques MS, Tufik S, D'Almeida V. Orexin activation precedes increased NPY expression, hyperphagia, and metabolic changes in response to sleep deprivation. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 298: E726-E734, 2010. First published January 5, 2010; doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00660.2009.-Several pieces of evidence support that sleep duration plays a role in body weight control. Nevertheless, it has been assumed that, after the identification of orexins (hypocretins), the molecular basis of the interaction between sleep and energy homeostasis has been provided. However, no study has verified the relationship between neuropeptide Y (NPY) and orexin changes during hyperphagia induced by sleep deprivation. in the current study we aimed to establish the time course of changes in metabolite, endocrine, and hypothalamic neuropeptide expression of Wistar rats sleep deprived by the platform method for a distinct period (from 24 to 96 h) or sleep restricted for 21 days (SR-21d). Despite changes in the stress hormones, we found no changes in food intake and body weight in the SR-21d group. However, sleep-deprived rats had a 25-35% increase in their food intake from 72 h accompanied by slight weight loss. Such changes were associated with increased hypothalamus mRNA levels of prepro-orexin (PPO) at 24 h followed by NPY at 48 h of sleep deprivation. Conversely, sleep recovery reduced the expression of both PPO and NPY, which rapidly brought the animals to a hypophagic condition. Our data also support that sleep deprivation rapidly increases energy expenditure and therefore leads to a negative energy balance and a reduction in liver glycogen and serum triacylglycerol levels despite the hyperphagia. Interestingly, such changes were associated with increased serum levels of glucagon, corticosterone, and norepinephrine, but no effects on leptin, insulin, or ghrelin were observed. in conclusion, orexin activation accounts for the myriad changes induced by sleep deprivation, especially the hyperphagia induced under stress and a negative energy balance.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Psychobiol, BR-04024002 São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Biosci, BR-04024002 São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Psychobiol, BR-04024002 São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Biosci, BR-04024002 São Paulo, BrazilFAPESP: 98/14303-3CNPq: 501248/2005-6Web of Scienc

    Stressful life events and acute kidney injury in intensive and semi-intensive care unities

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    INTRODUCTION: Several studies point out that pathophysiological changes related to stress may influence renal function and are associated with disease onset and evolution. However, we have not found any studies about the influence of stress on renal function and acute kidney injury. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between stressful life events and acute kidney injury diagnosis, specifying the most stressful classes of events for these patients in the past 12 months. METHODS: Case-control study. The study was carried out at Hospital São Paulo, in Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) and at Hospital dos Servidores do Estado de São Paulo, in Brazil. Patients with acute kidney injury and no chronic disease, admitted to the intensive or semi-intensive care units were included. Controls included patients in the same intensive care units with other acute diseases, except for the acute kidney injury, and also with no chronic disease. Out of the 579 patients initially identified, 475 answered to the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) questionnaire and 398 were paired by age and gender (199 cases and 199 controls). RESULTS: The rate of stressful life events was statistically similar between cases and controls. The logistic regression analysis to detect associated effects of the independent variables to the stressful events showed that: increasing age and economic classes A and B in one of the hospitals (Hospital São Paulo - UNIFESP) increased the chance of a stressful life event (SLE). CONCLUSIONS: This study did not show association between the Acute Kidney Injury Group with a higher frequency of stressful life events, but that old age, higher income, and type of clinical center were associated.INTRODUÇÃO: Diversos estudos evidenciam que as alterações fisiopatológicas, quando associadas ao estresse, podem influenciar a fisiologia renal e estão associadas ao aparecimento de doenças. Entretanto, não foi encontrado nenhum estudo que tivesse realizado investigação associando estresse e lesão renal aguda. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a associação entre os eventos vitais estressores e o diagnóstico de lesão renal aguda, especificando as classes de eventos mais estressores para esses pacientes, nos últimos 12 meses. MÉTODOS: Estudo caso-controle. Foi realizado no Hospital São Paulo da Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) e no Hospital dos Servidores do Estado de São Paulo. Foram incluídos pacientes com lesão renal aguda, sem doenças crônicas, assistidos em Centros de Terapia Intensiva ou semi-intensivas. Os Controles incluíram pacientes assistidos nos mesmos Centros de Terapia Intensiva, com outras doenças agudas, exceto lesão renal aguda e, também, sem doenças crônicas. Dos 579 pacientes inicialmente identificados, 475 responderam ao instrumento Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) e 398 pacientes foram pareados por idade e sexo (199 casos/199 controles). RESULTADOS: Constatou-se que a frequência dos eventos vitais estressores nos casos apresentava equivalência estatística aos controles. A regressão logística para examinar os efeitos combinados das variáveis independentes associados aos eventos estressantes evidenciou que: o aumento da idade e as classes econômicas AB intensificam a chance da presença do evento estressante em cerca de duas vezes; as classes socioeconômicas AB do Hospital São Paulo elevam a chance de evento estressante. CONCLUSÕES: O presente estudo não evidenciou que o grupo com lesão renal aguda estivesse associado à maior frequência de eventos estressores, mas idade e renda elevadas e, ainda, o tipo de centro clínico estão associados.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP)UNIFESP Departamento de PsiquiatriaUNIFESP, Depto. de PsiquiatriaSciEL

    Estratégias competitivas entre uma gramínea nativa do cerrado e uma gramínea invasora do cerrado

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    Várias espécies de gramíneas africanas introduzidas no Brasil se tornaram\ud importantes invasoras dos cerrados e constituem uma das principais ameaças para a\ud sua conservação. Comparações envolvendo características entre espécies exóticas e\ud nativas podem levar a uma melhor compreensão sobre o processo da invasão. Neste\ud estudo, semeamos Echinolaena inflexa, uma gramínea nativa do cerrado, e Urochloa\ud decumbens, uma gramínea africana invasora do cerrado, em diferentes proporções\ud relativas uma à outra (100%-0%, 70%-30%, 50%-50%, 30%-70%, 0%-100%).\ud Avaliamos a sobrevivência, crescimento, fecundidade e capacidade fotossintética\ud das espécies nos diferentes tratamentos (puros e mistos). Para avaliar sobrevivência,\ud crescimento e fecundidade foram realizados três censos durante o período de um\ud ano. A medição da capacidade fotossintética foi efetuada por meio de um\ud fluorômetro portátil, onde se considerou os parâmetros de eficiência do fotossistema\ud II, da taxa de transporte de elétrons e do potencial máximo aparente de uso da luz. \ud Sempre que sementes de ambas as espécies foram colocadas juntas, a espécie nativa\ud teve seu crescimento suprimido pela invasora. Nos tratamentos puros, os indivíduos\ud da espécie nativa cresceram em tamanho, mas somente três indivíduos se tornaram\ud reprodutivos. No entanto, muitos indivíduos da espécie invasora cresceram em\ud tamanho e se reproduziram em todos os tratamentos, mostrando sempre uma\ud alocação de recursos tanto para crescimento quanto para reprodução. Ambas as\ud espécies tiveram sua capacidade fotossintética reduzida nos tratamentos mistos,\ud porém, os valores da espécie invasora se mantiveram mais constantes. Portanto,\ud concluímos que a espécie invasora é possivelmente mais tolerante a situações de\ud estresse e utiliza os recursos de maneira mais eficiente, o que poderia explicar o seu\ud sucesso na invasão.1 – Financiamento FAPESP 2 - Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências-USP, São Paulo, Brasil
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