Micropropagation of a West African wild grape (Lannea microcarpa)

The propagation of Lannea microcarpa (an African wild grape) by seeds causes considerable variation in the offspring, making very difficult the selection, and multiplication of superior genotypes of interest. The species is also very difficult to propagate using conventional asexual technique. Therefore, micro cutting explants of young shoots from seedlings of Lannea microcarpa were grown in vitro on semi-solid Woody Plant Medium (WPM) supplemented for each experiment with three cytokinins at seven different concentrations for shoot formation and development. The cytokinins tested were 2iP (2-isopentenyladenine), TDZ (Thidiazuron), Zea (Zeatin) plus 0.05 µM IAA in the medium. Two subcultures were performed at 35 days interval after the initial in vitro culture establishment. Shoot development occurred primarily from axillaries buds formation that was greatest on a medium containing 56 µM of 2iP (plus 0.05µM IAA), with an average number of 4.5 ± 0.3 shoots per single node cutting and an average length of 4.7 ± 0.7 cm. After removal from culture, the shoots were induced rooting using IAA (Indole-3-Acetic Acid) and IBA (1H-indole-3-butanoic acid) at seven different concentrations. Shoots rooted in response to treatment with auxins (IBA and IAA) in the WPM medium and also in talc. The WPM medium produced an average number of 7 ± 0.5 roots per cutting at 32 µM IBA and with nearly 4.5 ± 0.7 cm in length. But the 1.5% of IBA in talc gave a better result with a higher number of 7.5 ± 0.4 roots per cutting with 5.5 ± 0.6 cm in length. The objective of this study is to develop a reproducible protocol for the rapid propagation of Lannea microcarpa in a semi-solid WPM medium supplemented with various concentrations of hormones.Keywords: In vitro propagation, Sahelean tree, Cytokinins, auxins

Otomastoïdites aiguës dans le Service d’ORL du CHU Yalgadode Ouagadougou: à propos de 44 cas

Analyser les aspects diagnostiques et thérapeutiques des otomastoïdites dans le Service d’ORL du CHU-YO de Ouagadougou. Méthode : Il s’est agit d’une étude rétrospective de 10 ans, qui a porté sur 44 cas. Résultats: l’incidence annuelle était de 4,4 cas et l’âge moyen de 13,41 ans. Les mastoïdites étaient majoritairement fistulisées (59,09%) et les principaux germes incriminés étaient Staphylococcus aureus (35,29%), Proteus mirabilis (23,53%) et Pseudomonas aeruginosa (23,53%). Ils étaient surtout sensibles à la ciprofloxacine (82,35%) et la ceftriaxone (58,82%). Le traitement a été médico-chirurgical dans 86,36% des cas et l’évolution favorable dans 72,73%. Douze cas (27,27%) de décès par complication systémique et endocrânienne ont été enregistrés. Conclusion : Il convient de prioriser les mesures préventives et la prise en charge précoce des otites infectieuses.Mots clés: Otomastoïdite, épidémiologie, diagnostic, thérapeutique

Summary and conclusions

Climate variability is a reality that is affecting rural livelihoods in West Africa today and presenting a growing challenge in the region, as in many other parts of the African continent and elsewhere. Climate change will have far-reaching consequences for the poor and marginalized groups among which the majority depend on agriculture for their livelihoods and have a lower capacity to adapt. Weather-related crop failures, fishery collapses, and livestock deaths in addition to losses of property are already causing economic losses and undermining food security in West Africa. This situation is likely to become more desperate and to threaten the survival of the majority of poor farmers as global warming continues. Feeding the increasing populations in a subregion with one of the highest rates of population growth in the world requires radical transformation of a largely underdeveloped agriculture over the next four decades. A major challenge is increasing agricultural production among resource-poor farmers without exacerbating environmental problems and simultaneously coping with climate change..

Overview

The part of Africa designated as West Africa is made up of 16 countries— Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Côte d’Ivoire, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, and Togo. Its land area is about 5 million square kilometers, and its population in 2010 was about 290 million. With the exception of Mauritania, these countries are members of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). The subregion comprises a diversified agricultural base spread over a wide range of agroecological zones with significant potential for improved agricultural productivity. Agriculture is the major source of livelihood for the majority of West Africans. The agricultural sector employs 60 percent of the active labor force but contributes only 35 percent of gross domestic product (GDP). The disparity between contribution to GDP and share of population means that many West African farmers are very poor, producing close to subsistence levels and facing numerous constraints such as droughts, soil acidity, and nutrientdepleted and degraded soils that impinge on agricultural development. The most important foodcrops grown and consumed in West Africa are cereals— sorghum, millet, maize, and rice; roots and tubers—cassava, sweet potatoes, and yams; and legumes—cowpeas and groundnuts. Major cash crops are cocoa, coffee, and cotton..

Host resistance stability to downy mildew in pearl millet and pathogenic variability in Sclerospora graminicola

Downy mildew, caused by Sclerospora graminicola, is a major pathogen of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) in Asia and Africa. So development of resistant cultivars has been a major goal of national and international breeding programs. Stability of resistance in pearl millet lines developed at ICRISAT was studied through a collaborative International Pearl Millet Downy Mildew Virulence Nursery (IPMDMVN). The reactions to downy mildew of 11 pearl millet lines at 17 locations in India, Burkina Faso, Mali, Niger, and Nigeria from 1995 to 1999 were recorded. Disease incidence varied significantly among lines, locations, and years. The tested pearl millet lines exhibited significant differential resistance. Resistance in lines IP 18292, IP 18293, 700651 and P 310-17 was most stable regardless of the location or season. Analysis of the variation in resistance also suggested that the resistance in IP 18292 and IP 18293 was variable and depended on the locations and years, while the resistance in 700651 and P 310-17 was highly stable across locations and over years. The latter two lines could prove to be the most valuable sources of downy mildew resistance. The results also revealed significant differences in S. graminicola populations at different locations, with the highest disease at Bagauda (Nigeria) and Durgapura (India) and lowest from Coimbatore and Aurangabad (India). Based on the reaction of the 11 pearl millet lines, the 17 S. graminicola populations were grouped into six putative pathotypes (undefined populations closer to races)

Effet des extraits du thé de Gambie (Lippia multiflora Moldenk) et du neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) sur Helicoverpa armigera et les Thrips de la tomate (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)

Objectif : l’objectif de l’étude est d’accroitre la production de la tomate par la proposition d’une alternative respectueuse de l’environnement. Il a s’agit de tester l'efficacité des extraits acqueux des graines de Azadirachta indica et des feuilles du Lippia multiflora sur Helicoverpa armigera et les Thrips inféodés à la tomate en présence d’un témoin non traité et du Décis (témoin positif) au champ.Méthodologie et Résultats : le dispositif expérimental utilisé est un Bloc Fischer randomisé en 3 répétitions et 4 traitements. Les extraits d’amande de neem et de feuilles du Lippia sont obtenus après macération pendant 12 heures dans l’alcool 75°. La fréquence des traitements était de 10 jours et les observations sur les larves de Helicoverpa et les Thrips, de 7 jours après le premier traitement. La parcelle à pulvériser est isolée des voisines avec une bâche noire. Les doses de 1L/ha pour le Décis et de 5L/ha pour les extraits végétaux ont été appliquées. L’étude a révélé 5,33 Thrips et 1,33 larve de Helicoverpa armigera avec le traitement au Décis ; 11,67 Thrips et 3 larves de Helicoverpa armigera avec l’extrait des graines de neem. Par contre, l’extrait des feuilles de Lippia multiflora ne présente pas de différences significatives avec le témoin. À ce niveau l’étude a révélé respectivement 24 et 32 Thrips.d’une part et 9,66 et 12,30 larves de Helicoverpa armigera d’autre part pour l’extrait de Lippia et le témoin.Conclusion et Application : il ressort de cette étude que l’extrait de neem a donné des résultats satisfaisants proches de ceux obtenus avec le Décis contrairement au Lippia qui a donné des résultats mitigés. En effet, l’extrait de neem peut être recommandé comme une alternative contre les Thrips et Helicoverpa armigera inféodés à la tomate au Burkina FasoMots clés : tomate ; ravageurs, extraits végétaux, activité insecticideObjective: the objective of the study is to increase tomato production by the proposal of an environmental friendly alternative. It is to test the efficacy of aqueous extracts of Azadirachta indica seeds and leaves of Lippia multiflora on Helicoverpa armigera and Thrips subservient to the tomato in the presence of an untreated control and decis (positive control) in the wild.Methodology and Results: the experimental was a randomized complete block Design of 3 repetitions and 4 treatements. Neem seed and Lippia leaf extracts were obtained after maceration for 12 hours in alcohol 75 °. The frequency of treatment was 10 days and observations on the larvae of Helicoverpa and Thrips done 7 days after the first treatment. The plot spray is isolated from the neighboring with a black tarp. Doses of 1L / ha for Decis and 5L / ha for the plant extracts were applied. The study found 5.33 and 1.33 thrips larva Helicoverpa armigera with the decis treatment; 11.67 Thrips and 3 larvae of Helicoverpa armigera with the extract of neem seeds. By against the extract from the leaves of Lippia multiflora presents no significant differences with the control. At this level the study revealed 24 and 32 respectively Thrips.d'une both 9.66 and 12.30 larvae of Helicoverpa armigera secondly to extract Lippia and the witness.Conclusion and Application: it appears from this study that neem extract gave satisfactory results close to those obtained with the decis unlike Lippia that has been mitigated. Indeed, neem extract can be recommended as an alternative against Thrips and Helicoverpa armigera subservient tomato in Burkina Faso.Keywords: tomato; pests; plant extracts; insecticidal activity

La nasofibroscopie en pratique orl a ouagadougou

La nasofibroscopie est une technique d’examen endoscopique des voies aérodigestives supérieures. Nous avons voulu présenter les avantages diagnostiques que procure cet examen à travers notre expérience àOuagadougou. Il s’est agi d’une étude rétrospective qui a permis d’analyser les dossiers de 115 patients ayant bénéficié d’une nasofibroscopie au Centre Médical Schiphra entre mars 2007 à mars 2010. L’âge moyen des patients était de 41,34 ans avec une prédominance masculine de 52 % des cas. Les patients étaient en majorité des cultivateurs et des femmes au foyer dans 29,56 % des cas et provenaient de la ville de Ouagadougou dans 97,4 % des cas. Les prescripteurs de la nasofibroscopie étaient des médecins ORL dans 93,9 % cas. Les principales indications de l’examen étaient des signes pharyngés dans 44,35 % des cas, et la dysphonie dans 38,26 % des cas. Les lésions tumorales laryngées prédominaient, suivies des laryngites, puis des pharyngites. The nasofibroscopy in an upper airway endoscopic technical exam we wanted to show the diagnostic advantages of this exam between our experience in Ouagadougou. It was a retrospective study carried outby revision of medical charts of 115 patients who underwent nasofibroscopy in Schiphra Medical Center from march 2007 to march 2010. The median age of patients was 41.34 years with a male predominance of 52% of cases. The patients were in majority cultivators and women at home in 29.56% of cases and came from Ouagadougou’s town in 97.4% of cases. Nasofibroscopy was prescribed by specialist ENT physician in 93.9% of cases. The main indications of the exam were pharyngeal symptoms in 44.35% of cases and dysphonia in 38.26% of cases. The laryngeal tumours lesions were most frequent, followed by laryngitis and pharyngitis

Immediate Hypersensitivity to Mealworm and Cricket: Beyond Shrimp and House Dust Mite Cross-Reactivity

International audienc

Specific IgE profiling using an allergen biochip and western blot in fecal samples of children aged 0-3 months

International audienceBackground: The advent of allergen biochips has resulted in the description of complex sensitization profiles in allergic children. The low volume required for a biochip scan facilitates the analysis of local samples. The objective of this work was to develop an experimental protocol to detect specific IgE (sIgE) in fecal samples using allergen biochips and to evaluate its predictive value for the subsequent development of allergic diseases.Method: The analysis was carried out on 21 stool samples collected between birth and 14 weeks of age from infants included in the Primibiota protocol (NCT02738411). The occurrence of food allergies, asthma, or atopic dermatitis at 1 year of age was recorded as part of the cohort follow-up. We developed and optimized a stool extraction protocol, followed by freeze-drying and solubilization. sIgE responses were investigated with a 300-allergen biochip containing whole extracts and molecular allergens, and confirmed by capillary Western blot with nano-immunoassay. The local eosinophilic component was explored by measuring the concentration of Eosinophil-Derived Neurotoxin (EDN) with a fluoroenzymoimmunoassay.Results: sIgE was detected in all tested samples. With respect to prevalence, the main sIgE responses were detected with animal food (21/21), plant food (20/21), pollens (19/21) and animal dander (15/21) extracts and molecular allergens. The presence of sIgE was confirmed by Western blot for cow's milk proteins. Quantitatively, fecal EDN and sIgE concentrations were significantly different in infants who would later develop atopic disease.Conclusion: Exploration of the sIgE and eosinophilic response can be performed non-invasively in the stool of the infant. Our results suggest a predictive value of this investigation for the subsequent development of asthma, food allergy or atopic dermatitis