Cartografia e diplomacia: usos geopolíticos da informação toponímica (1750-1850)

O artigo explora dimensões geopolíticas da toponímia, registradas em documentos cartográficos, desde as reformas empreendidas pelo consulado pombalino em meados do século XVIII, até às primeiras décadas do século XIX, em meio ao processo de afirmação do Estado imperial pós-colonial.This paper explores the geopolitical dimensions of toponymy as registered in cartographic documents dating from the reforms pushed through by the consulate of Marquis of Pombal in the mid 18th century to the early decades of the 19th century, as the post-colonial imperial State established itself

Effect of atypical rainfall on lotic zooplankton: comparing downstream of a reservoir and tributaries with free stretches

To contribute to the knowledge of lotic zooplankton from dammed and free stretches, we tested the hypothesis that the ecological attributes are different between these environments, which are subjected to several effects caused by different hydrological conditions. The study was carried out in the low Iguacu river, a large hydrographic basin in the south of Brasil. Two samplings were performed, one in the dry period (April/04) and the other in the atypical rainy period (July/04), in five stations downstream a large reservoir, and other 12 stations in four tributaries representing the upper, intermediate and low regions of each river. The observations suggest a clear spatial distribution of zooplankton in lotic stretches subjected or not to damming, mainly due to the effects of physical, chemical and biological variables. Furthermore, the atypical rainfall promoted alterations in community structure when compared to the dry period

Oxisol resistence to penetration in no-till system after sowing Resistência de um latossolo vermelho distroférrico à penetração em sistema plantio direto após semeadura

If inappropriately conducted, management and sowing practices may compromise the environment and the profitability of the agricultural activity. The aim of this study was to analyze the furrow opener mechanisms action and the level of load applied to soil firming mechanism in no-till, on the Oxisol resistance to penetration during soybean sowing, under three soil moistures. The experiment was arranged in split-split plot design, in which the plots were composed by three soil moistures (23.8; 25.5 and 27.5% b.s.), two furrow opener mechanisms sub-plots (double disks and furrow plough) and the split-split plot of three levels of load applied to soil firming mechanism (12.2; 18.5 and 24.1 kPa), according to randomized blocks design, with three replications. The soil moisture provided different resistance behavior to penetration with the depth, on the seedbed, independently of the furrow opener and the level of load applied to soil firming mechanism. The furrow plough use provided less soil resistance to penetration when compared to the double disk furrow opener, on the seedbed, independently of the soil moisture and the level of load applied to soil firming mechanism. The pressure applied by soil firming mechanism of 18.5 kPa provided the lower resistance to penetration, when the furrow plough was used. The soil resistance to penetration was less on the sowing line than on between rows, with 20 cm deep.<br>Práticas de manejo e semeadura mal conduzidas podem comprometer o meio ambiente e a rentabilidade da atividade agrícola. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a ação de mecanismos sulcadores e a pressão da roda compactadora de uma semeadora-adubadora em plantio direto, na resistência de um Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico à penetração (RP), durante a semeadura da soja, sob três teores de água do solo. O experimento foi desenvolvido em esquema de blocos casualizados, arranjado em esquema de parcelas subsubdivididas, sendo as parcelas constituídas de três teores de água do solo (23,8; 25,5 e 27,5% b.s.), as subparcelas de dois mecanismos sulcadores (discos duplos e haste sulcadora) e as subsubparcelas de três pressões da roda compactadora (12,2; 18,5 e 24,1 kPa), com três repetições. O teor de água do solo promoveu diferença na RP com a profundidade, no leito de semeadura, independentemente do sulcador e da pressão da roda compactadora. O uso de haste sulcadora proporcionou menor RP comparada com o sulcador disco duplo, no leito de semeadura, independentemente do teor de água e da pressão da roda compactadora. A pressão aplicada pela roda compactadora de 18,5 kPa proporcionou as menores resistências do solo à penetração, quando a haste sulcadora foi usado. A RP foi menor na linha de semeadura do que na entrefileiras, até 20 cm de profundidade