Méthodes de Monte Carlo en Vision Stéréoscopique

Cette thèse a pour objet l'étude de l'incertitude attachée à l'estimation de la géometrie d'une scène à partir d'un couple stéréoscopique d'images. La mise en correspondance des points homologues d'un couple suppose la similarité locale des deux images et nécessite une information radiométrique discriminante. Dans de nombreuses situations cependant (déformations géométriques, bruit d'acquisition, manque de contraste, ....), ces hypothèses sont mises en défaut et les erreurs d'appariemment qui en résultent dépendent fortement de l'information contenue dans le couple et non du sytème stéréoscopique lui-meme. Afin d'aborder ce problème, nous proposons un cadre bayésien et l'application de méthodes de Monte Carlo par chaînes de Markov. Celles-ci consistent à simuler la distribution conditionnelle du champ de disparité connaissant le couple stéréoscopique et permettent de déterminer les zones où des erreurs importantes peuvent apparaitre avec une probabilité éventuellement faible. Différents modèles stochastiques sont comparés et testés a partir de scènes stéréoscopiques SPOT, et nous donnons quelques pistes pour étendre ces modèles à d'autres types d'images. Nous nous intéressons également au probleme de l'estimation des paramètres de ces modèles et proposons un certain nombre d'algorithmes permettant une estimation automatique. Enfin, une part importante du travail est consacrée à l'étude d'algorithmes de simulation reposant sur la théorie des chaînes de Markov. L'apport essentiel réside dans l'extension de l'algorithme de Metropolis-Hastings dans une perspective multi-dimensionnelle. Une application performante reposant sur l'utilisation de la loi gaussienne est donnée. De plus, nous montrons comment le recours à des techniques d'échantillonnage d'importance permet de diminuer efficacement le temps de calcul

Méthode de Monte Carlo en vision stéréoscopique (Application à l'étude de modèles numériques de terrain)

PARIS-MINES ParisTech (751062310) / SudocSudocFranceF

Correction of Gradient Nonlinearity Bias in Quantitative Diffusion Parameters of Renal Tissue with Intravoxel Incoherent Motion

Spatially nonuniform diffusion weighting bias as a result of gradient nonlinearity (GNL) causes substantial errors in apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps for anatomical regions imaged distant from the magnet isocenter. Our previously described approach effectively removed spatial ADC bias from 3 orthogonal diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) measurements for monoexponential media of arbitrary anisotropy. This work evaluates correction feasibility and performance for quantitative diffusion parameters of the 2-component intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) model for well-perfused and nearly isotropic renal tissue. Sagittal kidney DWI scans of a volunteer were performed on a clinical 3T magnetic resonance imaging scanner near isocenter and offset superiorly. Spatially nonuniform diffusion weighting caused by GNL resulted both in shifting and broadening of perfusion-suppressed ADC histograms for off-center DWI relative to unbiased measurements close to the isocenter. Direction-average diffusion weighting bias correctors were computed based on the known gradient design provided by the vendor. The computed bias maps were empirically confirmed by coronal DWI measurements for an isotropic gel-flood phantom. Both phantom and renal tissue ADC bias for off-center measurements was effectively removed by applying precomputed 3D correction maps. Comparable ADC accuracy was achieved for corrections of both b maps and DWI intensities in the presence of IVIM perfusion. No significant bias impact was observed for the IVIM perfusion fraction

Correction of Gradient Nonlinearity Bias in Quantitative Diffusion Parameters of Renal Tissue with Intravoxel Incoherent Motion

Spatially nonuniform diffusion weighting bias as a result of gradient nonlinearity (GNL) causes substantial errors in apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps for anatomical regions imaged distant from the magnet isocenter. Our previously described approach effectively removed spatial ADC bias from 3 orthogonal diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) measurements for monoexponential media of arbitrary anisotropy. This work evaluates correction feasibility and performance for quantitative diffusion parameters of the 2-component intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) model for well-perfused and nearly isotropic renal tissue. Sagittal kidney DWI scans of a volunteer were performed on a clinical 3T magnetic resonance imaging scanner near isocenter and offset superiorly. Spatially nonuniform diffusion weighting caused by GNL resulted both in shifting and broadening of perfusion-suppressed ADC histograms for off-center DWI relative to unbiased measurements close to the isocenter. Direction-average diffusion weighting bias correctors were computed based on the known gradient design provided by the vendor. The computed bias maps were empirically confirmed by coronal DWI measurements for an isotropic gel-flood phantom. Both phantom and renal tissue ADC bias for off-center measurements was effectively removed by applying precomputed 3D correction maps. Comparable ADC accuracy was achieved for corrections of both b maps and DWI intensities in the presence of IVIM perfusion. No significant bias impact was observed for the IVIM perfusion fraction. INTRODUCTION Recent multicenter oncology trials have evaluated quantitative diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) as a radiological marker of tumor malignancy and response to therapy (1-3). The underlying physical principle for this technology is that oncogenic processes and therapeutic interventions induce regional changes in cellularity of the imaged tissue that can be detected and quantified by mean (isotropic) diffusivity (4, 5). In clinical applications outside of the brain, tissues with low fractional anisotropy are typically assessed by combining 3 orthogonal DWI acquisitions as a function of diffusion gradient weighting, quantified by a b-value to provide a mean diffusivity measure of the tissue. The optimal number of acquired b-values depends on the diffusion model utilized to appropriately characterize tissue diffusivity (6-8). The default measure of mean diffusivity in current clinical trials is the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), which assumes monoexponential signal decay with increasing b-values (4

LES DÉPÔTS HOLOCÈNES DE LA BASSE VALLÉE DE L'OUED ASSAKA, SUD-MAROC: RÉSULTATS PRÉLIMINAIRES

International audienceAt the southem side of the Anti-Atlas mountains, the lower section of the Assaka wadi valley joins the Atlantic ocean by crossing an Appalachian basin and range area. Holocene deposits of the lower section of the Assaka wadi show two main sedimentary formations: the upper sheet-fans and the lower terraces. The upper sheet-fans are probably from the lower Rharbian (Holocene) age, they are located above the Soltanian (Wünnian) formations at the outlets of tributaries. They consist of accumulations with silts, aeolian quartz and high palygorskite contents. After this period, a trench cut through the older formations took place between 8 000 years BP and 4 200 years BP. The lower river terraces, 5 to Il metres thick, are inset in the trench cut through the Soltanian formations and show four superimposed and fining upwards (from pebble to silt) cross-bedded units. This study shows many geodynamic and palaeoclimatic conditions. Lower Rharbian fans indicate that the climate was sufficiently arid to denude the slopes, where, during big storms, gullies and run-off supplied the Assaka wadi with silts and sands. Torrential floods eut the Soltanian formations and then created the Middle Rharbian low terrace. Finally, the Historie terrace, superimposed onto the Middle Rharbian one, shows that important flood events took place during the XVIIO and XVIIIo centuries, but nevertbeless with low frequency. However. this sequence indicates wetter conditions during an arid episode. The 14C age is contemporary with the "cold winters" in Western Europe; this fact proves that the synoptic conditions in South Morocco were the same at 280±30 years B.P. as at present.L'oued Assaka, exutoire d'un vaste bassin versant (7 000 km2) rejoint l'océan Atlantique sur le versant sud de l' Anti-Atlas en recoupant une zone de relief appalachien. Des cônes attribuables au Pléistocène supérieur ou au Rharbien ancien (Holocène ancien) surmontent les formations alluviales et colluviales soltaniennes (Würm), avant que celles-ci soient entaillées sur 20 à 25 mètres; ils sont circonscrits aux débouchés des foums que déterminent les affluents de l'oued Assaka. Ils sont constitués de limons sableux riches en grains de quartz éoJisés et par des teneurs en palygorskite qui s'accentuent de la base vers le sommet. Aux environs de 8 000 BP, une phase d'incision linéaire importante entailla les dépôts plus anciens sur une épaisseur de 20 mètres. De basses terrasses sont emboîtées dans les dépôts soltaniens. D'une épaisseur variant de 5 à Il mètres, elles sont constituées de séquences granoclassées qui mettent en évidence des géodynamiques et des ambiances climatiques contrastées. Le Rharbien ancien reflète une sécheresse suffi-sante pour dénuder en partie les versants, qui lors d'orages probablement assez localisés, alimentent les affluents de l'oued principal en limons sableux. Les crues torrentielles (charriant des blocs surdimensionnés) ont incisé les formations soltaniennes -essentiellement limoneuses-et ont mis en place les basses terrasses du Rharbien moyen. Enfin, la terrasse historique étagée sur celle du Rharbien moyen montre la permanence de crues importantes durant les XVIIème et XVIIIème siècles avec une fréquence cependant moins élevée. En outre, cette séquence indique l'existence de conditions humides durant un épisode aride sous cette latitude contemporaines des "hivers froids" de l'Europe de l'Ouest; ce qui prouve que les situations synoptiques dans le Sud du Maroc étaient les mêmes à 280±30 ans BP qu'aujourd'hui

Enregistrement fluviatile et paléoenvironnements au Pléistocène supérieur sur la bordure méridionale atlantique de l'Anti-Atlas (Oued Assaka, S-O marocain)

International audienceLaurent. Enregistrement fluviatile et paléoenvironnements au Pléistocène supérieur sur la bordure méridionale atlantique de l'Anti-Atlas (Oued Assaka, SO marocain)

Efficacy and safety of posteromedial translation for correction of thoracic curves in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis using a new connection to the spine: the Universal Clamp

Correction of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) has been reported with various systems. All-screw constructs are currently the most popular, but they have been associated with a significant decrease in thoracic kyphosis, with a potential risk of junctional kyphosis, not observed with hybrid constructs in the literature. In addition, it is important to weigh potential advantages of pedicle screw fixation against risks specific to its use. Because hybrid constructs are associated with a lower risk of complications and better sagittal correction than all-screw constructs, at present we use lumbar pedicle screws combined with a new sublaminar connection to the spine (Universal Clamps) at thoracic levels. The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy and safety of the Universal Clamp (UC) posteromedial translation technique for correction of AIS. Seventy-five consecutive patients underwent posterior spinal fusion and hybrid instrumentation for progressive AIS. Correction was performed at the thoracic level using posteromedial translation. At the lumbar level, correction was performed using in situ contouring and compression/distractions maneuvers. A minimum 2-year follow-up was required. Medical data and radiographs were prospectively analyzed and compared using a paired t test. The average age at surgery was 15 years and 4 months (±19 months). The average number of levels fused was 12 ± 1.6. The mean follow-up was 30 ± 5 months. The average preoperative Cobb angle of the major curve was 60° ± 20°. The immediate postoperative major curve correction averaged 66 ± 13%. The average loss of correction of the major curve between the early postoperative assessment and latest follow-up was 3.5° ± 1.4°. The mean Cincinnati correction index was 1.7 ± 0.8 postoperatively, and 1.57 ± 1 at last follow up. The mean rotation of the apical vertebra was corrected from 23.3° ± 9° preoperatively to 7.3° ± 5° at last follow up (69% improvement, P < 0.0001). In the sagittal plane, the mean thoracic kyphosis improved from 23.8° ± 14.2° preoperatively to 32.3° ± 7.3° at last follow up. For the 68 patients who had a normokyphotic or a hypokyphotic sagittal modifier, thoracic kyphosis increased from 20.5° ± 9.9° to 31.8° ± 7.4°, corresponding to a mean kyphosis correction of 55% at last follow up. No intraoperative complication occurred and none of the patients developed proximal junctional kyphosis during the follow up. The principal limitation of the UC technique was the rate of proximal posterior prominence (14.6%), leading us to recommend the use of conventional claws at the upper extremity of the construct. The technique was safe, and reduced operative time, radiation exposure, and blood loss. While achieving correction of deformity in the coronal and axial planes equivalent to the best reported results of all-screw or previous hybrid constructs, the UC hybrid technique appears to provide superior correction in the sagittal plane. The excellent outcome in all three planes was maintained at 2 year follow up