Evaluation of appendicitis risk prediction models in adults with suspected appendicitis

Background Appendicitis is the most common general surgical emergency worldwide, but its diagnosis remains challenging. The aim of this study was to determine whether existing risk prediction models can reliably identify patients presenting to hospital in the UK with acute right iliac fossa (RIF) pain who are at low risk of appendicitis. Methods A systematic search was completed to identify all existing appendicitis risk prediction models. Models were validated using UK data from an international prospective cohort study that captured consecutive patients aged 16–45 years presenting to hospital with acute RIF in March to June 2017. The main outcome was best achievable model specificity (proportion of patients who did not have appendicitis correctly classified as low risk) whilst maintaining a failure rate below 5 per cent (proportion of patients identified as low risk who actually had appendicitis). Results Some 5345 patients across 154 UK hospitals were identified, of which two‐thirds (3613 of 5345, 67·6 per cent) were women. Women were more than twice as likely to undergo surgery with removal of a histologically normal appendix (272 of 964, 28·2 per cent) than men (120 of 993, 12·1 per cent) (relative risk 2·33, 95 per cent c.i. 1·92 to 2·84; P < 0·001). Of 15 validated risk prediction models, the Adult Appendicitis Score performed best (cut‐off score 8 or less, specificity 63·1 per cent, failure rate 3·7 per cent). The Appendicitis Inflammatory Response Score performed best for men (cut‐off score 2 or less, specificity 24·7 per cent, failure rate 2·4 per cent). Conclusion Women in the UK had a disproportionate risk of admission without surgical intervention and had high rates of normal appendicectomy. Risk prediction models to support shared decision‐making by identifying adults in the UK at low risk of appendicitis were identified

Nortriptyline blood levels and clinical outcome: meta-analysis of published studies Níveis sangüíneos de nortriptilina e resposta clínica: metanálise dos estudos publicados

INTRODUCTION: An optimum range has been suggested for nortriptyline blood levels, above or below which patients respond poorly or do not respond at all to treatment. METHODS: A meta-analysis of published studies was performed to verify the existence of an optimal blood concentration range or therapeutic window in nortriptyline-treated depression patients. A MEDLINE search through the years 1970-1999 was carried out to identify original papers and review articles. Data concerning blood levels and percentage improvement were obtained concerning all included pacients. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed for data comparison. Possible confounding variables, such as pre-treatment, setting (in or outpatients), and duration of treatment were also evaluated. RESULTS: From the 22 published studies found, only six of them with patients' individual data were included. We found an optimal range for nortriptyline concentrations (OR= 2.25, 95% CI = 1.15 to 4.39, p= 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: There may be a biphasic relationship of efficacy to plasma concentrations of nortriptyline, with a therapeutic window between 46 to 236 ng/ml.<br>INTRODUÇÃO: Sugere-se a existência de uma faixa de concentração ótima para os níveis sangüíneos da nortriptilina, acima e abaixo da qual os pacientes não respondem ao tratamento ou o fazem pobremente. MÉTODOS: Realizamos metanálise dos estudos publicados com o propósito de verificar a existência de uma faixa de concentração sangüínea ótima (janela terapêutica) para os pacientes deprimidos tratados com nortriptilina. A busca através do MEDLINE envolvendo os anos de 1970 a 1999 foi realizada com o objetivo de identificar artigos originais e de revisão. Dados sobre níveis sangüíneos e percentagem de melhora foram obtidos. Foram realizadas análises uni e multivariadas para a comparação dos dados. Avaliamos possíveis variáveis de confusão como: período de pré-tratamento, ambiente (hospitalar ou ambulatorial) e duração do tratamento. RESULTADOS: Dos 22 estudos publicados que foram identificados, apenas seis que forneceram os dados individuais dos pacientes foram incluídos. Encontramos uma faixa de concentração ótima para a nortriptilina (OR = 2,25, IC 95% = 1,15 a 4,39, p = 0,02). CONCLUSÕES: É possível que exista uma associação de tipo bifásico entre as concentrações de nortriptilina e a resposta clínica, com uma janela terapêutica entre 46 e 236 ng/ml