Возникновение первых аптек в восточной части территории Республики Беларусь в дореволюционный период (12-19 вв.)

АПТЕКИИСТОРИЯ МЕДИЦИН

Использование РДФ-топлива в качестве энергетического ресурса (опыт Европейского союза)

Материалы XI Междунар. науч. конф. студентов, аспирантов и молодых ученых, Гомель, 17-18 мая 2018 г

Heparin-Derived Theranostic Nanoprobes Overcome the Blood-Brain Barrier and Target Glioma in Murine Model

The poor permeability of theranostic agents across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) significantly hampers the development of new treatment modalities for neurological diseases. A new biomimetic nanocarrier is discovered using heparin (HP) that effectively passes the BBB and targets glioblastoma. Specifically, HP-coated gold nanoparticles (HP-AuNPs) are designed that are labeled with three different imaging modalities namely, fluorescein (FITC-HP-AuNP), radioisotope (68)Gallium (Ga-68-HP-AuNPs), and MRI active gadolinium (Gd-HP-AuNPs). The systemic infusion of FITC-HP-AuNPs in three different mouse strains (C57BL/6JRj, FVB, and NMRI-nude) displays excellent penetration and reveals uniform distribution of fluorescent particles in the brain parenchyma (69-86%) with some accumulation in neurons (8-18%) and microglia (4-10%). Tail-vein administration of radiolabeled Ga-68-HP-AuNPs in healthy rats also show Ga-68-HP-AuNP inside the brain parenchyma and in areas containing cerebrospinal fluid, such as the lateral ventricles, the cerebellum, and brain stem. Finally, tail-vein administration of Gd-HP-AuNPs (that displays approximate to threefold higher relaxivity than that of commercial Gd-DTPA) in an orthotopic glioblastoma (U87MG xenograft) model in nude mice demonstrates enrichment of T1-contrast at the intracranial tumor with a gradual increase in the contrast in the tumor region between 1 and 3 h. It is believed, the finding offers the untapped potential of HP-derived-NPs to deliver cargo molecules for treating neurological disorders.Peer reviewe

Антигипертензивные средства могут снизить риск развития деменции

ДЕМЕНЦИЯАНТИГИПЕРТЕНЗИВНЫЕ СРЕДСТВАФАКТОРЫ РИСК

[68Ga]Exendin-4: Bench-to-Bedside : PET molecular imaging of the GLP-1 receptor for diabetes and cancer

Diabetes epidemic is underway. Beta cell dysfunction (BCF) and loss of beta cell mass (BCM) are known to be key events in its progression. Currently, there are no reliable techniques to estimate or follow the loss of BCM, in vivo. Non-invasive imaging and quantification of the whole BCM in the pancreas, therefore, has a great potential for understanding the progression of diabetes and the scope for early diagnosis for Type 2 diabetes. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) is known to be selectively expressed on the pancreatic beta cells and overexpressed on the insulinoma, a pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor (PNET). Therefore, this receptor is considered to be a selective imaging biomarker for the beta cells and the insulinoma. Exendin-4 is a naturally occurring analog of GLP-1 peptide. It binds and activates GLP-1R with same the potency and engages in the insulin synthesis, with a longer biological half-life. In this thesis, Exendin-4 precursor, DO3A-VS-Cys40-Exendin-4 labeled with [68Ga], [68Ga]Ga-DO3A-VS-Cys40-Exendin-4 ([68Ga]Exendin-4), was evaluated in different species models, namely, immune deficient nude mice, rats, pigs, non-human primate (NHP), and clinically in one insulinoma patient by positron emission tomography (PET), for its potential in beta cell imaging and its quantification as well as for visualizing the insulinoma. From internal dosimetry, the possible number of repetitive [68Ga]Exendin-4-PET/CT scans was estimated. Pancreatic uptake and insulinoma tumor uptake of [68Ga]Exendin-4 were confirmed to be mediated by the specific binding to the GLP-1R. Pancreatic GLP-1R could be visualized and semi-quantified, for diabetic studies, except in rats. Nonetheless, we found conflicting results regarding the GLP-1R being a selective imaging biomarker for the beta cells. PET/CT scan of the patient with [68Ga]Exendin-4 has proven to be more sensitive than the clinical neuroendocrine tracer, [11C]5-HTP, as  it could reveal small metastatic tumors in liver. The kidney was the dose-limiting organ in the entire species model, from absorbed dose estimation. Before reaching a yearly kidney limiting dose of 150 mGy and a whole body effective dose of 10 mSv, 2–4 [68Ga]Exendin-4 PET/CT scans be performed in an adult human, which enables longitudinal clinical PET imaging studies of the GLP-1R in the pancreas, transplanted islets, or insulinoma, as well as in healthy volunteers enrolled in the early phase of anti-diabetic drug development studies

Species differences in pancreatic binding of DO3A-VS-Cys40-Exendin4

AIMS: Radiolabeled Exendin-4 has been proposed as suitable imaging marker for pancreatic beta cell mass quantification mediated by Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R). However, noticeable species variations in basal pancreatic uptake as well as uptake reduction degree due to selective beta cell ablation were observed. METHODS: -Exendin4 Positron Emission Tomography (PET) in the same species. In vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo data formed the basis for calculating the theoretical in vivo contribution of each pancreatic compartment. RESULTS: -Exendin4. CONCLUSIONS: IPR as well as the exocrine GLP-1R density is the main determinants of the species variability in pancreatic uptake. Thus, the IPR in human is an important factor for assessing the potential of GLP-1R as an imaging biomarker for pancreatic beta cells

Position for Site-Specific Attachment of a DOTA Chelator to Synthetic Affibody Molecules Has a Different Influence on the Targeting Properties of Ga-Compared to In-Labeled Conjugates

Affibody molecules, small (7 kDa) scaffold proteins, are a promising class of probes for radionuclide molecular imaging. Radiolabeling of Affibody molecules with the positron-emitting nuclide 68 Ga would permit the use of positron emission tomography (PET), providing better resolution, sensitivity, and quantification accuracy than single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). The synthetic anti-HER2 Z HER2:S1 Affibody molecule was conjugated with DOTA at the N-terminus, in the middle of helix 3, or at the C-terminus. The biodistribution of 68 Ga- and 111 In-labeled Affibody molecules was directly compared in NMRI nu/nu mice bearing SKOV3 xenografts. The position of the chelator strongly influenced the biodistribution of the tracers, and the influence was more pronounced for 68 Ga-labeled Affibody molecules than for the 111 In-labeled counterparts. The best 68 Ga-labeled variant was 68 Ga-[DOTA-A1]-Z HER2:S1 which provided a tumor uptake of 13 ± 1 %ID/g and a tumor to blood ratio of 39 ± 12 at 2 hours after injection. 111 In-[DOTA-A 1 ]-Z HER2:S1 and 111 In-[DOTA-K 58 ]-Z HER2:S1 were equally good at this time point, providing a tumor uptake of 15 to 16 %ID/g and a tumor to blood ratio in the range of 60 to 80. In conclusion, the selection of the best position for a chelator in Affibody molecules can be used for optimization of their imaging properties. This may be important for the development of Affibody-based and other protein-based imaging probes

Influence of Nuclides and Chelators on Imaging Using Affibody Molecules : Comparative Evaluation of Recombinant Affibody Molecules Site-Specifically Labeled with 68Ga and 111In via Maleimido Derivatives of DOTA and NODAGA

Accurate detection of cancer-associated molecular abnormalities in tumors could make cancer treatment more personalized. Affibody molecules enable high contrast imaging of tumor-associated protein expression shortly after injection. The use of the generator-produced positron-emitting radionuclide 68Ga should increase sensitivity of HER2 imaging. The chemical nature of radionuclides and chelators influences the biodistribution of Affibody molecules, providing an opportunity to further increase the imaging contrast. The aim of the study was to compare maleimido derivatives of DOTA and NODAGA for site-specific labeling of a recombinant ZHER2:2395 HER2-binding Affibody molecule with 68Ga. DOTA and NODAGA were site-specifically conjugated to the ZHER2:2395 Affibody molecule having a C-terminal cysteine and labeled with 68Ga and 111In. All labeled conjugates retained specificity to HER2 in vitro. Most of the cell-associated activity was membrane-bound with a minor difference in internalization rate. All variants demonstrated specific targeting of xenografts and a high tumor uptake. The xenografts were clearly visualized using all conjugates. The influence of chelator on the biodistribution and targeting properties was much less pronounced for 68Ga than for 111In. The tumor uptake of 68Ga-NODAGA-ZHER2:2395 and 68Ga-DOTA-ZHER2:2395 and tumor-to-blood ratios at 2 h p.i. did not differ significantly. However, the tumor-to-liver ratio was significantly higher for 68Ga-NODAGA- ZHER2:2395 (8 ± 2 vs 5.0 ± 0.3) offering the advantage of better liver metastases visualization. In conclusion, influence of chelators on biodistribution of Affibody molecules depends on the radionuclides and reoptimization of labeling chemistry is required when a radionuclide label is changed.De två (2) första författarna delar förstaförfattarskapet.</p