A comparative study on the production of ethanol from lignocellulosic biomass by chemical and biological method

Ethanol derived from non-edible biomass is renewable and a clean source of energy. It is independent of the food industry and it is economically feasible. The first generation biofuel or bioethanol is still not a very convenient source of energy as it prominently depends on the availability of grains. The main objective of this work is to develop an industrious efficient process to produce ethanol from lignocellulosic biomasses like wood and leaf in a lab scale. Two processes were compared. The first process involved an alkaline pre-treatment of the powdered biomass followed by dilute acid hydrolysis. The second process involved an alkaline treatment followed by direct hydrolysis of the biomass by use of a fungal species obtained from rotting wood. Following hydrolysis, fermentation was performed using _Saccharomyces cerevisiae_ and ethanol produced was measured. The process methodologies performed here are liable to be scaled up easily. The final study determines factors such as temperature, strength of the reagents and retention time to maximize ethanol production

2D-ACAR Studies on Swift Heavy Ion Si-Implanted GaAs

AbstractMaterial properties modification by high energy heavy ion implantation is a prospective technology leading to many device fabrications. This technique induces defects and hence the physical properties of the materials are modified. The effects of swift heavy ion implantation induced defects by 120 MeV 28+Si ion implantation and doping in SI-GaAs are presented from the electron momentum distribution (EMD) of vacancy-type defects studied by two-dimensional angular correlation of annihilation radiation (2D-ACAR). The positron trapping due to the influence of high-energy Si- implantation in GaAs (n-type) is compared with the corresponding spectra of SI- GaAs and with Si-doped (n-type) GaAs. The EMD of the implanted sample shows a distinct increased isotropic distribution with a characteristic transform of its structure as evident from the low momentum region compared to the pristine sample. The characteristics of defects created by Si doping and by 120 MeV 28+Si ion implantation of undoped semi-insulating (SI) GaAS are discussed. These results indicate the nature of positron trapping in open volume defects such as vacancy clusters created by implantation

Investigation of interface properties of sputter deposited TiN/CrN superlattices by low-angle X-ray reflectivity

Approximately 1.8 m thick nanolayered multilayer coatings of TiN/CrN (also known as superlattices) were deposited on silicon (100) substrates at different modulation wavelengths (4.6–12.8 nm), substrate temperatures (50-400 °C) and substrate bias voltages (-50 to -200 V) using a reactive direct current magnetron sputtering system. X-ray reflectivity (XRR) technique was employed to determine various properties of the multilayers such as interface roughness, surface roughness, electron density, critical angle and individual layer thicknesses. The modulation wavelengths of the TiN/CrN superlattice coatings were calculated using modified Bragg’s law. Furthermore, the experimental X-ray reflectivity patterns were simulated using theoretically generated patterns and a good fit was obtained for a three layer model, i.e., (1) top surface roughness layer, (2) TiN/CrN multilayer coating (approximately 1.8 m) and (3) Ti interlayer (~ 0.5 m) at the film-substrate interface. For the superlattice coatings prepared at a modulation wavelength of 9.7 nm, a substrate bias of -200 V and a substrate temperature of 400 C the XRR patterns showed Bragg reflections up to 5th order, indicating well-defined periodicity of the constituent layers and relatively sharp interfaces. The simulation showed that the superlattice coatings prepared under the above conditions exhibited low surface and interface roughnesses. We also present the effect of substrate temperature and substrate bias, which are critical parameters for controlling the superlattice properties, onto the various interface properties of TiN/CrN superlattices

Scalable and Secure Dynamic Key Management and Channel Aware Routing in Mobile Adhoc Networks

A MANET (Mobile Ad-hoc Network) is an infrastructure-less self configuring wireless networks of routers. Key management is at the center of providing network security via cryptographic mechanisms with a high-availability feature. Dynamic key is the efficient assistance for network scalability. Routing protocol used here is a form of reactive routing called CA-AOMDV and compared with Table driven routing called DSDV. Channel aware routing protocol quality of the channel which can be measured in terms of suitable metrics. This paper leads to an emphasis on Black hole attack and to develop a dynamic key framework using RSA algorithm

Enhancement of Fatigue Strength on SAE 1541 Steel Link Plate with Slip Ball Burnishing Technique

This research paper describes a technique for the enhancement of the fatigue strength of the chain link plate in the drive system of a military armoured vehicle. SAE 1541 steel link plates of chains were subjected to cyclical tensile stress due to repeated loading and un-loading conditions. The crack was getting originated from the pitch hole and growth perpendicular to the chain pulling load, due to fatigue mechanism. In general plate holes are manufactured using the conventional process. An additional novel technique called the slip ball burnishing (SBB) method is applied for improving the hole properties. The improvement is made by producing local plastic deformation, improving surface finish and compressive residual stress throughout in the pierced hole. Both the conventional process (CP) and the SBB technique have been evaluated by optical, profile, surface roughness and micro harness tests. Experimental fatigue test validations were done in both chain samples using the Johnson-Goodman method. SBB chains passed 3x106 cycles at the load of 17.61 kN and CP chains passed 3x106 cycles at the load of 13.92 kN. The conclusion was that SBB made a significant improvement of 26.51 per cent of fatigue strength compared to CP

Monkeypox Detection Through Watershed Segmentation and Appending 2D CNN Based Auto Encoder: Monkeypox Detection Through CNN-Auto Encoder

Monkeypox, a viral zoonosis, may spread from animals to people. Fever, rashes, and swollen lymph nodes might create medical complications. Its symptoms resemble smallpox. To prevent monkey pox sickness, you must be prepared and treat it immediately. Public health systems should be aware of effective monkeypox mitigation methods because to its global health impacts. Watershed segmentation using CNN-based auto encoder detected monkeypox. Monkeypox may be distinguished from other skin infections. Watershed segmentation, elevation map utilisingsobel, and region-based feature extraction function well on impacted skin photos. Segmenting Monekypox images is tough due to similarities and variations across classes and the difficulties of focusing on skin lesions. Unsupervised learning models like the convolutional autoencoder duplicate the input image in the output layer. Encoders, ConvNets that produce low-dimensional images, process images passed via them

Appliction of nontraditional optimization techniques for airfoil shape optimization

The method of optimization algorithms is one of the most important parameters which will strongly influence the fidelity of the solution during an aerodynamic shape optimization problem. Nowadays, various optimization methods, such as genetic algorithm (GA), simulated annealing (SA), and particle swarm optimization (PSO), are more widely employed to solve the aerodynamic shape optimization problems. In addition to the optimization method, the geometry parameterization becomes an important factor to be considered during the aerodynamic shape optimization process. The objective of this work is to introduce the knowledge of describing general airfoil geometry using twelve parameters by representing its shape as a polynomial function and coupling this approach with flow solution and optimization algorithms. An aerodynamic shape optimization problem is formulated for NACA 0012 airfoil and solved using the methods of simulated annealing and genetic algorithm for 5.0 deg angle of attack. The results show that the simulated annealing optimization scheme is more effective in finding the optimum solution among the various possible solutions. It is also found that the SA shows more exploitation characteristics as compared to the GA which is considered to be more effective explorer

EXTRACELLULAR GLYCOLIPIDS FROM SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE AS BIOEMULSIFYING AGENTS IN FOOD PROCESSING

The development of food processing sector and increasing diversity in consumers' taste has continuously put forth different demands in the interdisciplinary research. In this research study, a demand for bio-based emulsifying agent to improve the oil-aqueous based food has been taken as a predominant destination. Extracellular glycolipids were produced using Saccharomyces cerevisiae MTCC 181 strain and basic characterization studies were performed.Further, the scope of the partially purified bioemulsifier in food processing was examined using different experiments and found to be more promising

Fuzzy Control Based Renewable Energy Sources for DC Microgrid Applications using FPGA Platform with EMS

The main objective of this proposed system is to provide uninterruptible power supply to the load.  This proposed system mainly deals with the Energy Management System (EMS) of the DC microgrid systems, using the fuzzy logic control.  This proposed system consists of the power sources, which obtains its power from the PV panels, Wind turbine, and fuel cells stack.  The EMS incorporates the fuzzy control that is responsible for the Energy Management and Battery Management.  The fuzzy maintains the State of Charge (SoC) parameters of the battery.  The fuzzy logic implementation of this system was done by using the Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA)

Switching pulse generation for DC-DC boost converter using Xilinx-ISE with FPGA processor

This paper explains steps to generate switching pulse using Xilinx-ISE with FPGA processor for DC-DC boost converter. The switching pulse generated using Very high speed integrated circuit Hardware Description Language (VHDL) with Xilinx-ISE. VHDL is a programming language, which is used to model and design any complex circuits in a dynamic environment. This paper gives the course of action for generation of switching pulses for dc-dc boost converter using Xilinx-ISE and matlab simulink. The switching pulse generated using Xilinx-ISE with FPGA-Spartan 6 processor compared with switching pulse generated using matlab