Architecture and poetry: the letter of Raphaël to pope Leo X and the introductions to a few humanists editions of constantinian poetry

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A Sense of Place in Environmental Education: A Forest Ecology Curriculum

This project discusses the definition of a sense of place as it pertains to environmental education to present the influence of people-to-place relationships in developing environmental stewardship and pro-environmental behavior. Researchers across the fields of geography, environmentalism, and psychology have long identified places as being important to how people see the world and how they act in different places. Fostering place attachment and place meaning within environmental curricula can advance environmental understanding and responsibility through the use of local ecology and problem solving of environmental issues. The curriculum unit within this project focuses on invasive species and uses this environmental issue to achieve the learning goals outlined in the Minnesota Academic Standards in Science – 2019 while also fostering a positive sense of place for forest ecosystems. Place-based educational frameworks in environmental education can be the gateway to developing critical problem solving skills and promoting environmental stewardship while making the learning process relevant and empowering to students and teachers. Overall, this project answers the question “How can a sense of place help environmental education create stewards of the environment?

Farm Forestry in the Black Forest Southern Nature Park from a Socio-Political Point of View

In this study the interactions between forest management and the preservation of rural structures, as well as the economic implications should there be a shut-down of silvicultural activities in the small-scale private forestry of the Southern Nature Park of the Black Forest in Germany, are examined. The jobs, which are connected to the production of wood and the quality of the landscape, are characterized and projected on the region as far as possible. The creation of value by owners managing forests for production is demonstrated for the area of investigation. In combination with estimated average monetary values for the infrastructural benefits of the forests, scenarios point out the consequences of management as well as of a shut-down of the small-scale private forests. Finally, the paper explores whether it is it is appropriate to extend the meaning of the term 'Environmentally Sound Forest Management' beyond the conventional sense of forest functions, and to an holistic approach which integrates the people as well as forests and other landscape features. If an holistic approach is adopted, a redefined model of the mixed farm forest enterprise, which pursues many targets in the same area, must be developed. In this way, it seems possible to solve conflicts regarding land-use in rural areas and to achieve desirable socio-political development

The Untiring Pen: Avienus’ Construction of a Voice

The fact that Avienus (ca. 305-375), murky and hard-to-handle translator and poet of constellations ('Arati Phaenomena'), mountain ranges ('Descriptio Orbis Terrae') and coastlines ('Ora Maritima'), is chiefly a translator of Greek originals has benefited him little in terms of scholarly interest. Yet his work shows some remarkable characteristics which both highlight his own particular style and assign him a place in late antique poetics. The aim of this paper is to see some of these broader poetical characteristics at work within a manageable section of his work: i.e. the way in which Avienus creates a literary 'persona'. We will be looking not only at the specific voice that is created, but also at the way this is achieved and the impact this has upon the ensuing didactic narrative. In several ways, we will see, Avienus’ pen was soaked in the ink of memory.Il fatto che Avieno (ca. 305-375), oscuro e complesso traduttore e poeta di costellazioni ('Arati Phaenomena'), catene montuose ('Descriptio Orbis Terrae') e coste ('Ora Maritima'), sia principalmente un traduttore di originali greci gli è valso uno scarso interesse da parte degli studiosi. Ciononostante, il suo lavoro mostra alcune caratteristiche notevoli che consentono allo stesso tempo di metterne in evidenza lo stile e di assegnargli un ruolo nella poetica della tarda antichità. Lo scopo di questo contributo è indagare alcune di queste caratteristiche poetiche generali in una parte definita della sua opera: il modo in cui Avieno crea una persona letteraria. Si osserverà non soltanto come la specifica voce viene creata, ma anche come si arriva a questo risultato e l’impatto che ciò ha sulla conseguente narrazione didattica. La penna di Avieno, come si vedrà, è stata intinta in molti modi nell’inchiostro della memoria

Crystal Growth, Structure and Anisotropic Magnetic Properties of Quasi-2D Materials

In this work, the crystal growth as well as structural and magnetic investigations of several metal trichalcogenides compounds with a general formula M2X2Ch6 are presented. M stands for a main group metal or transition metal, X is an element of the IV or V main group and Ch is a chalcogen. In particular, these compounds are the phosphorus sulfides Fe2P2S6, Ni2P2S6 as well as intermediate compounds of the substitution regime (Fe1-xNix)2P2S6, the quarternary phosphorus sulfides CuCrP2S6 and AgCrP2S6 and the germanium tellurides Cr2Ge2Te6 and In2Ge2Te6. As members of the metal trichalcogenides, all these compounds have a van der Waals layered honeycomb structure in common. This layered structure in combination with their magnetic properties makes these compounds interesting candidate materials for the production of magnetic monolayers by exfoliation from bulk crystals. Crystals of the phosphorus sulfides were grown by the chemical vapor transport technique and, for the growth of the germanium tellurides, the self-flux growth technique was used. Crystals of all phases were extensively characterized regarding their morphology, chemical composition and homogeneity as well as regarding their crystal structure. The structural analysis, especially for Ni2P2S6, yields insight into details of the stacking order and disorder of the corresponding quasi-two-dimensional layers in the bulk. Regarding the magnetic properties, both Fe2P2S6 and Ni2P2S6 order antiferromagnetically but exhibit different magnetic anisotropies (i.e. Ising-like anisotropy for Fe2P2S6 and XYZ anisotropy for Ni2P2S6). In this context, it is surprising to find that compounds in the solid solution regime of (Fe1-xNix)2P2S6 up to x = 0.9 exhibit an anisotropic magnetic behavior that is comparable to Fe2P2S6 and, thus, indicative of Ising-like anisotropy. For CuCrP2S6 and AgCrP2S6, the ordering of the two different transition elements on the honeycomb sites yields more complex magnetic structures. The magnetic Cr3+ atoms in CuCrP2S6 order in a triangular arrangement and form an antiferromagnetic ground state with notable ferromagnetic interactions. AgCrP2S6 exhibits pronounced features of low dimensional magnetism resulting from the (quasi-)one-dimensional stripe-like arrangement of magnetic Cr3+ atoms and no onset of long-range magnetic order is unambiguously observed. Cr2Ge2Te6 exhibits ferromagnetic order and an anisotropic feature in the temperature dependence of the magnetization. Based on the magnetic phase diagrams for two orientations between the magnetic field and the crystallographic directions, the temperature dependence of the magnetocrystalline anisotropy constant as well as the critical exponents of the magnetic phase transition are extracted. Concluding from this, the magnetic interactions in Cr2Ge2Te6 are dominantly of two-dimensional nature and the anisotropy is uniaxial with the before mentioned anisotropic feature resulting from the interplay between magnetocrystalline anisotropy, magnetic field, and temperature. In2Ge2Te6 is diamagnetic as to be expected for a closed-shell system. Additional to the investigations on single crystals, the quasi-binary phase diagram of (Cu1-xAgx)CrP2S6 was investigated for regimes of solid solution behavior based on polycrystalline samples. Accordingly, isostructural substitution is most likely possible in the composition range of (Cu0.25Ag0.75)CrP2S6 to AgCrP2S6, potentially allowing to tune the magnetic interactions of the Cr sublattice indirectly by substitution on the Cu/Ag sublattice.:1. Introduction 1.1. M2X2Ch6 Class of Materials 1.2. Magnetism in Solid State Materials 1.2.1. Diamagnetism 1.2.2. Paramagnetism 1.2.3. Cooperative Magnetism 1.2.4. Magnetic Anisotropy 1.2.5. Magnetism in D < 3 1.2.6. Critical Exponents 2. Methods 2.1. Synthesis and Crystal Growth 2.1.1. Solid State Synthesis 2.1.2. Crystal Growth via the Liquid Phase 2.1.3. Crystal Growth via the Vapor Phase 2.2. X-ray Diffraction 2.2.1. Single Crystal X-ray Diffraction 2.2.2. Powder X-ray Diffraction 2.3. Scanning Electron Microscopy and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy 2.3.1. Scanning Electron Microscopy 2.3.2. Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy 2.4. Magnetometry 2.5. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy 2.6. Specific Heat Capacity 3. M2P2S6 3.1. Ni2P2S6 3.1.1. Crystal Growth 3.1.2. Characterization 3.1.3. Magnetic Properties 3.1.4. 31P-NMR Spectroscopy 3.1.5. Stacking (Dis-)Order in Ni2P2S6 3.2. (Fe1-xNix)2P2S6 3.2.1. Synthesis and Crystal Growth 3.2.2. Characterization 3.2.3. Evolution of Magnetic Properties 3.3. Summary and Outlook 4. M1+CrP2S6 4.1. CuCrP2S6 4.1.1. Crystal Growth 4.1.2. Characterization 4.1.3. Magnetic Properties 4.2. AgCrP2S6 4.2.1. Crystal Growth 4.2.2. Characterization 4.2.3. Magnetic Properties 4.3. Polycrystalline (Cu1-xAgx)CrP2S6 4.3.1. Synthesis 4.3.2. Phase Analysis 4.4. Summary and Outlook 5. M2(Ge,Si)2Te6 5.1. Cr2Ge2Te6 5.1.1. Crystal Growth 5.1.2. Characterization 5.1.3. Magnetic Properties 5.1.4. Analysis of the Critical Behavior 5.2. In2Ge2Te6 5.2.1. Crystal Growth 5.2.2. Characterization 5.2.3. Magnetic Properties 5.2.4. Specific Heat 5.3. Summary and Outlook 6. Conclusion Bibliography List of Publications Acknowledgements Eidesstattliche Erklärung A. Appendix A.1. Scanning Electron Microscopic Images A.1.1. (Fe1-xNix)2P2S6 A.2. scXRD A.2.1. (Fe1-xNix)2P2S6In dieser Arbeit werden die Kristallzüchtung sowie strukturelle und magnetische Untersuchungen an mehreren Metalltrichalkogenid-Verbindungen mit der allgemeinen Summenformel M2X2Ch6 vorgestellt. M steht für ein Hauptgruppen- oder Übergangsmetall, X ist ein Element der IV- oder V-Hauptgruppe und Ch ein Chalkogen. Insbesondere handelt es sich bei diesen Verbindungen um die Phosphorsulfide Fe2P2S6, Ni2P2S6 sowie um Verbindungen der Substitutionsreihe (Fe1-xNix)2P2S6, die quaternären Phosphorsulfide CuCrP2S6 und AgCrP2S6 sowie die Germaniumtelluride Cr2Ge2Te6 und In2Ge2Te6. Als Mitglieder der Metalltrichalkogenide haben alle diese Verbindungen eine van-der-Waals-Schichtstruktur mit Honigwabenmotiv gemein. Diese Schichtstruktur in Kombination mit ihren magnetischen Eigenschaften macht diese Verbindungen zu interessanten Kandidaten für die Herstellung von magnetischen Monolagen durch Exfoliation aus Volumenkristallen. Kristalle der Phosphorsulfide wurden mit der chemischen Dampfphasentransporttechnik gezüchtet und für die Züchtung der Germaniumtelluride wurde die Selbstflusstechnik verwendet. Die Kristalle aller Phasen wurden sowohl hinsichtlich ihrer Morphologie, chemischen Zusammensetzung und Homogenität als auch hinsichtlich ihrer Kristallstruktur umfassend charakterisiert. Die Strukturanalyse, insbesondere für Ni2P2S6, gibt Aufschluss über Details der Stapelordnung und -unordnung der entsprechenden quasizweidimensionalen Schichten im Volumen. Bezüglich der magnetischen Eigenschaften ordnen sowohl Fe2P2S6 als auch Ni2P2S6 antiferromagnetisch, zeigen aber unterschiedliche magnetische Anisotropien (d.h. Ising-artige Anisotropie für Fe2P2S6 und XYZ-Anisotropie für Ni2P2S6). In diesem Zusammenhang ist es überraschend, dass Verbindungen im Mischkristallregime von (Fe1-xNix)2P2S6 bis x = 0.9 ein anisotropes magnetisches Verhalten zeigen, das mit dem von Fe2P2S6 vergleichbar ist und daher auf Ising-artige Anisotropie hindeutet. Bei CuCrP2S6 und AgCrP2S6 führt die Anordnung der beiden unterschiedlichen Übergangselemente auf den Gitterplätzen der Wabenstruktur zu komplexeren magnetischen Strukturen. Die magnetischen Cr3+ Atome in CuCrP2S6 ordnen sich in einer Dreiecksanordnung an und bilden einen antiferromagnetischen Grundzustand mit ausgeprägten ferromagnetischen Wechselwirkungen. AgCrP2S6 weist deutliche Merkmale von niederdimensionalem Magnetismus auf, welche aus der (quasi-)eindimensionalen, streifenartigen Anordnung der magnetischen Cr3+ Atome resultieren, und das Einsetzen von langreichweitiger magnetischer Ordnung kann nicht eindeutig beobachtet werden. Cr2Ge2Te6 weist ferromagnetische Ordnung und einen anisotropen Verlauf der Temperaturabhängigkeit der Magnetisierung auf. Anhand von magnetischen Phasendiagrammen für zwei Orientierungen zwischen Magnetfeld und kristallographischen Richtungen wurden die Temperaturabhängigkeit der magnetokristallinen Anisotropiekonstante sowie die kritischen Exponenten des magnetischen Phasenübergangs extrahiert. Hieraus ergibt sich, dass die magnetischen Wechselwirkungen in Cr2Ge2Te6 überwiegend zweidimensionaler Natur sind und die Anisotropie uniaxial ist, wobei der zuvor erwähnte anisotrope Verlauf aus dem Zusammenspiel von magnetokristalliner Anisotropie, Magnetfeld und Temperatur resultiert. In2Ge2Te6 ist diamagnetisch, wie es für ein System mit geschlossener Schale zu erwarten ist. Zusätzlich zu den Untersuchungen an Einkristallen wurde das quasibinäre Phasendiagramm von (Cu1-xAgx)CrP2S6 anhand von polykristallinen Proben auf Bereiche mit Mischkristallverhalten hin untersucht. Folglich ist eine isostrukturelle Substitution höchstwahrscheinlich im Zusammensetzungsbereich von (Cu0.25Ag0.75)CrP2S6 bis AgCrP2S6 möglich, was es erlauben könnte, die magnetischen Wechselwirkungen des Cr-Untergitters indirekt durch Substitution auf dem Cu/Ag-Untergitter zu beeinflussen.:1. Introduction 1.1. M2X2Ch6 Class of Materials 1.2. Magnetism in Solid State Materials 1.2.1. Diamagnetism 1.2.2. Paramagnetism 1.2.3. Cooperative Magnetism 1.2.4. Magnetic Anisotropy 1.2.5. Magnetism in D < 3 1.2.6. Critical Exponents 2. Methods 2.1. Synthesis and Crystal Growth 2.1.1. Solid State Synthesis 2.1.2. Crystal Growth via the Liquid Phase 2.1.3. Crystal Growth via the Vapor Phase 2.2. X-ray Diffraction 2.2.1. Single Crystal X-ray Diffraction 2.2.2. Powder X-ray Diffraction 2.3. Scanning Electron Microscopy and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy 2.3.1. Scanning Electron Microscopy 2.3.2. Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy 2.4. Magnetometry 2.5. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy 2.6. Specific Heat Capacity 3. M2P2S6 3.1. Ni2P2S6 3.1.1. Crystal Growth 3.1.2. Characterization 3.1.3. Magnetic Properties 3.1.4. 31P-NMR Spectroscopy 3.1.5. Stacking (Dis-)Order in Ni2P2S6 3.2. (Fe1-xNix)2P2S6 3.2.1. Synthesis and Crystal Growth 3.2.2. Characterization 3.2.3. Evolution of Magnetic Properties 3.3. Summary and Outlook 4. M1+CrP2S6 4.1. CuCrP2S6 4.1.1. Crystal Growth 4.1.2. Characterization 4.1.3. Magnetic Properties 4.2. AgCrP2S6 4.2.1. Crystal Growth 4.2.2. Characterization 4.2.3. Magnetic Properties 4.3. Polycrystalline (Cu1-xAgx)CrP2S6 4.3.1. Synthesis 4.3.2. Phase Analysis 4.4. Summary and Outlook 5. M2(Ge,Si)2Te6 5.1. Cr2Ge2Te6 5.1.1. Crystal Growth 5.1.2. Characterization 5.1.3. Magnetic Properties 5.1.4. Analysis of the Critical Behavior 5.2. In2Ge2Te6 5.2.1. Crystal Growth 5.2.2. Characterization 5.2.3. Magnetic Properties 5.2.4. Specific Heat 5.3. Summary and Outlook 6. Conclusion Bibliography List of Publications Acknowledgements Eidesstattliche Erklärung A. Appendix A.1. Scanning Electron Microscopic Images A.1.1. (Fe1-xNix)2P2S6 A.2. scXRD A.2.1. (Fe1-xNix)2P2S

Isolation of equine endothelial cells and life cell angiogenesis assay

Arterial or venous thromboses are frequent clinical complications with the risk of fatal progression. Recent studies suggest the disruption of angiogenesis in the course of thrombus resolution as the underlying pathomechanism. Very similar to the situation in human patients, equine vessels have been described to be particularly susceptible to thrombosis. In contrast to humans, equine donors are readily available to obtain organs and tissues for isolation of endothelial cells. Objective of this study was to isolate equine endothelial cells and develop an angiogenesis assay from primary cultures. Macrovascular endothelial cells were obtained from jugular veins and carotid arteries of nine horses, one of which suffered from inflammatory processes. After enzymatic isolation, the cells were incubated in different selective primary media. Phenotypic identification of endothelial cells was accomplished by morphology and positive staining to von Willebrand factor. The reliable, inexpensive, and standardized combination of methods presented here resulted in pure endothelial cultures for angiogenesis assays that can be used in any cell culture laboratory. Inverted phase microscopy and life cell imaging was used to characterize the stages of the angiogenic cascade of the endothelial cells. Life cell imaging gave new insights into the in vitro formation of capillary like structures including exocytosis of microparticles from endothelial cells before integration into the three-dimensional structure. We hypothesize that a specific population of endothelial cells showing a highly active migration pattern in life cell imaging might play a role in the resolution of thrombosis

Kinnise lasteasutuse teenusele suunamise menetluse lapsesõbralikkus

https://www.ester.ee/record=b5505948*es

Ethics and Morality in AI - A Systematic Literature Review and Future Research

Artificial intelligence (AI) has become an integral part of our daily lives in recent years. At the same time, the topic of ethics and morality in the context of AI has been discussed in both practical and scientific discourse. Either it deals with ethical concerns, concrete application areas, the programming of AI or its moral status. However, no article can be found that provides an overview of the combination of ethics, morality and AI and systematizes them. Thus, this paper provides a systematic literature review on ethics and morality in the context of AI examining the scientific literature between the years 2017 and 2021. The search resulted in 1,641 articles across five databases of which 224 articles were included in the evaluation. Literature was systematized into seven topics presented in this paper. Implications of this review can be valuable not only for academia, but also for practitioners

Transferring Trust, Risk and Security on Users’ Intention to Trade Cryptocurrency, Using PayPal as an Example

As one of the largest digital payment providers, PayPal has integrated the possibility to use cryptocurrency as a payment method and to buy cryptocurrency via the platform. Building on the considerations of trust-transfer theory and extending this model adding the trust-related attributes perceived risk and security, this paper therefore examines to what extent these attributes can be transferred from the payment service provider PayPal to cryptocurrency. In a second step, based on this transfer of attributes, the intention to use cryptocurrencies via PayPal will be examined, as well as the general intention to use cryptocurrencies. By conducting an online survey (N=398), a significant effect of the transfer of the examined attributes from PayPal to cryptocurrency if handled by PayPal was found. Furthermore, in the second step of the data analysis, significant effects for the attributes of cryptocurrency if handled by PayPal on the intention to use were found