Strategi Pengembangan Agroindustri Keripik Pisang (Studi Kasus pada Seorang Pengusaha Keripik Pisang di Desa Hegarmanah Kecamatan Cidolog Kabupaten Ciamis)

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui besarnya biaya, penerimaan dan pendapatan, faktor internal dan eksternal yang berpengaruh terhadap pengembangan agroindustri keripik pisang, alternatif strategi yang dapat diterapkan dalam pengembangan agroindustri keripik pisang di Desa Hegarmanah Kecamatan Cidolog Kabupaten Ciamis. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode studi kasus. Data yangdikumpulkan meliputi data primer dan data sekunder. Penarikan responden dalam penelitian ini dilakukan purposive sampling yaitu penetuan sampel dengan pertimbangan tertentu yang dipandang dapat memberikan data secara maksimal, maka responden yang diambil satu orang pengusaha keripik pisang dan sebagai responden pendukung yaitu satu orang Pemerintah Desa Hegarmanah dan satu orang dari Dinas Pertanian.Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa:1) Besarnya biaya total yang dikeluarkan oleh pengusaha keripik pisang dalam satu kali proses produksi sebesar Rp 1.369.385,67, penerimaannya sebesar Rp 2.500.000,00 dan pendapatannya sebesar Rp 1.130.614,33.2) Faktor internal dan eksternal yang berpengaruh pada pengembangan agroindustri keripik pisang di Desa Hegarmanah Kecamatan Cidolog Kabupaten Ciamis terdiri dari kekuatan, kelemahan dan peluang, ancaman. Faktor-faktor yang menjadi kekuatan yaitu tersedianya cukup jumlah tenaga kerja, produksi mudah dilakukan, produk keripik pisang yang tahan lama, harga produkyang terjangkau. Sedangkan faktor-faktor yang menjadi kelemahan yaitu keterbatasan permodalan, kualitas SDM yang masih kurang, pengemasan produk masih sederhana, dan promosi masih kurang. Faktor-faktor yang menjadi peluang yaitu tidak ada pesaing produk sejenis disatu daerah, pangsa pasar yang masih luas, permintaan semakin meningkat, cuaca tidak mempengaruhi produksi. Faktor-faktor yang menjadi ancaman yaitu kelangkaan bahanbaku, fluktuasi harga bahan baku, kurang adanya peran dari pemerintah, dan kenaikan harga sarana produksi.3) Alternatif strategi yang dapat diterapkan dalam pengembangan agroindustri keripik pisang di Desa Hegarmanah Kecamatan Cidolog Kabupaten Ciamis yaitu mempertahankan kualitas produksi dan pengembangan pasar, mempertahankan kontinyuitas produksi untuk memenuhi permintaan, optimalisasi kualitas SDM untuk memenuhi permintaan produk, diversifikasi produk untuk memenuhi pangsa pasar, pengelolaan tenaga kerja dan ketersediaan bahan baku,keseragaman harga jual dengan peran serta pengawasan pemerintah, penganekaragaman pengemasan untuk memaksimalkan produksi dan menjalin kerja sama dengan pihak terkait dalam menyikapi permodalan

Evaluating carbon balance of wood cascading – the need for accounting storage period and rate of carbon uptake

The renewed interest in wood has driven growth in its demand. Although a renewable resource, wood supply is limited by the forest growth rate and sustainable forest management practices. Using waste wood (sawmill residues and post-consumer waste) in cascading is essential to meet this growing demand without exerting additional pressure on the forests. Cascading is the sequential use of resources as long, as many times and as efficiently as possible for material applications and recover energy from them when no material use is feasible. Several studies have evaluated the environmental impact of cascading systems using LCA. However, these studies mainly focused on the cascade (benefit of using waste instead of fresh wood for producing a product) and substitution effect (substituting wood for fossil- or mineral-based materials). Wood cascading contributes also by storing the carbon in harvest wood products (HWP) for longer and gives the forests that were cleared for wood harvesting sufficient time to regrow and sequester the equivalent amount of carbon initially harvested from the forests. Long-life cascades have a comparatively lower global warming potential (GWP) because the embedded carbon emitted at the end of the storage period spends less time in the atmosphere (within the considered time horizon). While the GWP of short life cascades could be positive and the biomass may need to be stored in the HWP for a certain duration for the system to be carbon-neutral. The longer the storage period, the higher is the climate benefit. Plus, biomass from a fast-growing forest leads to a lower GWP because the carbon is sequestered more rapidly. These temporal aspects (time of carbon storage in a cascade and the rate of carbon uptake) affect the GWP of cascading systems - an aspect currently overlooked in LCA studies. Please click Additional Files below to see the full abstract

Evaluating carbon balance of wood cascading – the need for accounting storage period and rate of carbon uptake

The renewed interest in wood has driven growth in its demand. Although a renewable resource, wood supply is limited by the forest growth rate and sustainable forest management practices. Using waste wood (sawmill residues and post-consumer waste) in cascading is essential to meet this growing demand without exerting additional pressure on the forests. Cascading is the sequential use of resources as long, as many times and as efficiently as possible for material applications and recover energy from them when no material use is feasible. Several studies have evaluated the environmental impact of cascading systems using LCA. However, these studies mainly focused on the cascade (benefit of using waste instead of fresh wood for producing a product) and substitution effect (substituting wood for fossil- or mineral-based materials). Wood cascading contributes also by storing the carbon in harvest wood products (HWP) for longer and gives the forests that were cleared for wood harvesting sufficient time to regrow and sequester the equivalent amount of carbon initially harvested from the forests. Long-life cascades have a comparatively lower global warming potential (GWP) because the embedded carbon emitted at the end of the storage period spends less time in the atmosphere (within the considered time horizon). While the GWP of short life cascades could be positive and the biomass may need to be stored in the HWP for a certain duration for the system to be carbon-neutral. The longer the storage period, the higher is the climate benefit. Plus, biomass from a fast-growing forest leads to a lower GWP because the carbon is sequestered more rapidly. These temporal aspects (time of carbon storage in a cascade and the rate of carbon uptake) affect the GWP of cascading systems - an aspect currently overlooked in LCA studies. Please click Additional Files below to see the full abstract

Ruthenium indenylidene complexes bearing N-alkyl/N-mesityl-substituted N-heterocyclic carbene ligands

We report on the synthesis and characterization of second generation ruthenium indenylidene catalysts bearing unsymmetrical N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands denoted as RuCl2(3-phenyl-1-indenylidene)(1-mesityl-3-R-4,5-dihydroimidazol-2-ylidene)(PCy3), in which R is methyl 8a, octyl 8b or cyclohexyl 8c. The characterization of 8a-c was performed by NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, IR, HRMS and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. In addition, the catalytic activity of the obtained initiators was evaluated in various representative metathesis reactions. The results reveal that the complexes 8a-c, bearing an N-alkyl side on the NHC, show a faster catalytic initiation than the reference complex 2. Complex 8a, which performs the best among the investigated indenylidene complexes, exhibits slower initiation but better overall efficiency than its benzylidene analogue 1c, especially in a low catalyst loading

Shape-selective zeolite catalysis for bioplastics production

Biodegradable and renewable polymers, such as polylactic acid, are benign alternatives for petrochemical-based plastics. Current production of polylactic acid via its key building block lactide, the cyclic dimer of lactic acid, is inefficient in terms of energy, time, and feedstock use. We present a direct zeolite-based catalytic process, which converts lactic acid into lactide. The shape-selective properties of zeolites are essential to attain record lactide yields, outperforming those of the current multistep process by avoiding both racemization and side-product formation. The highly productive process is strengthened by facile recovery and practical reactivation of the catalyst, which remains structurally fit during at least six consecutive reactions, and by the ease of solvent and side-product recycling

Cu-ZSM-5: A biomimetic inorganic model for methane oxidation

The present work highlights recent advances in elucidating the methane oxidation mechanism of inorganic Cu-ZSM-5 biomimic and in identifying the reactive intermediates that are involved. Such molecular understanding is important in view of upgrading abundantly available methane, but also to comprehend the working mechanism of genuine Cu-containing oxidation enzymes

Direct catalytic conversion of cellulose to liquid straight-chain alkanes

High yields of liquid straight-chain alkanes were obtained directly from cellulosic feedstock in a one-pot biphasic catalytic system. The catalytic reaction proceeds at elevated temperatures under hydrogen pressure in the presence of tungstosilicic acid, dissolved in the aqueous phase, and modified Ru/C, suspended in the organic phase. Tungstosilicic acid is primarily responsible for cellulose hydrolysis and dehydration steps, while the modified Ru/C selectively hydrogenates intermediates en route to the liquid alkanes. Under optimal conditions, microcrystalline cellulose is converted to 82% n-decane-soluble products, mainly n-hexane, within a few hours, with a minimum formation of gaseous and char products. The dominant route to the liquid alkanes proceeds via 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), whereas the more common pathway via sorbitol appears to be less efficient. High liquid alkane yields were possible through (i) selective conversion of cellulose to glucose and further to HMF by gradually heating the reactor, (ii) a proper hydrothermal modification of commercial Ru/C to tune its chemoselectivity to furan hydrogenation rather than glucose hydrogenation, and (iii) the use of a biphasic reaction system with optimal partitioning of the intermediates and catalytic reactions. The catalytic system is capable of converting subsequent batches of fresh cellulose, enabling accumulation of the liquid alkanes in the organic phase during subsequent runs. Its robustness is illustrated in the conversion of the raw (soft)wood sawdust

Oxygen precursor to the reactive intermediate in methanol synthesis by Cu-ZSM-5

The reactive oxidizing species in the selective oxidation of methane to methanol in oxygen activated Cu-ZSM-5 was recently defined to be a bent mono(μ-oxo)dicopper(II) species, [Cu_2O]^(2+). In this communication we report the formation of an O_2-precursor of this reactive site with an associated absorption band at 29,000 cm^(-1). Laser excitation into this absorption feature yields a resonance Raman (rR) spectrum characterized by ^(18)O_2 isotope sensitive and insensitive vibrations, νO-O and νCu-Cu, at 736 (Δ^(18)O_2 = 41 cm^(-1)) and 269 cm^(-1), respectively. These define the precursor to be a μ-(η^2:η^2) peroxo dicopper(II) species, [Cu_2(O_2)]^(2+). rR experiments in combination with UV-vis absorption data show that this [Cu_2(O_2)]^(2+) species transforms directly into the [Cu_2O]^(2+) reactive site. Spectator Cu^+ sites in the zeolite ion-exchange sites provide the two electrons required to break the peroxo bond in the precursor. O_2-TPD experiments with ^(18)O_2 show the incorporation of the second ^(18)O atom into the zeolite lattice in the transformation of [Cu_2(O_2)]^(2+) into [Cu_2O]^(2+). This study defines the mechanism of oxo-active site formation in Cu-ZSM-5

Direct catalytic conversion of cellulose to liquid straight-chain alkanes

High yields of liquid straight-chain alkanes were obtained directly from cellulosic feedstock in a one-pot biphasic catalytic system. The catalytic reaction proceeds at elevated temperatures under hydrogen pressure in the presence of tungstosilicic acid, dissolved in the aqueous phase, and modified Ru/C, suspended in the organic phase. Tungstosilicic acid is primarily responsible for cellulose hydrolysis and dehydration steps, while the modified Ru/C selectively hydrogenates intermediates en route to the liquid alkanes. Under optimal conditions, microcrystalline cellulose is converted to 82% n-decane-soluble products, mainly n-hexane, within a few hours, with a minimum formation of gaseous and char products. The dominant route to the liquid alkanes proceeds via 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), whereas the more common pathway via sorbitol appears to be less efficient. High liquid alkane yields were possible through (i) selective conversion of cellulose to glucose and further to HMF by gradually heating the reactor, (ii) a proper hydrothermal modification of commercial Ru/C to tune its chemoselectivity to furan hydrogenation rather than glucose hydrogenation, and (iii) the use of a biphasic reaction system with optimal partitioning of the intermediates and catalytic reactions. The catalytic system is capable of converting subsequent batches of fresh cellulose, enabling accumulation of the liquid alkanes in the organic phase during subsequent runs. Its robustness is illustrated in the conversion of the raw (soft)wood sawdust